section 1+2

Question 1

describe water distribution

Answer 1

oceans (saltwater) - 97%
frozen freshwater (glaciers, ice, snow) - 2%
groundwater - 0.9%
surface freshwater (lakes, rivers, pond) - 0.1%

Question 2

WHY ARE OCEANS SO SALTY?

Answer 2

Oceans and seas are fed by river water, and rain water. When river water flows it picks up small deposits of minerals, these minerals along with the river water are eventually washed out to sea/ocean.

Question 3

How come river water is not salty? But it makes the ocean salty?

Answer 3

Over millions of years the rivers have been depositing small amounts of mineral salts into the ocean. Over time that small amount collects and increases the salt concentration of the oceans.

Question 4

POTABLE WATER meaning

Answer 4

• safe to drink

Question 5

SALINITY meaning

Answer 5

Many different solids are dissolved in freshwater and saltwater -

Question 6

name water testing criteria (7)

Answer 6

Colour & cloudiness (TURBIDITY)
Dissolved salts and minerals (HARDNESS)
Toxic substances
Bacteria
pH (acidity)
Dissolved oxygen
Even taste

Question 7

Distillation meaning

Answer 7

• heat is used to evaporate water that leaves salt behind

Question 8

Reverse osmosis meaning

Answer 8

forces salt water through a filter/membrane that only water passes through

Question 9

describe waves (5)

Answer 9

• Waves are changes in patterns that move along the surface of water
• Waves do NOT move water - energy is just transferred through the water as a wave
• Caused by the wind
• Waves do most damage on shores
• Waves can also deposit materials at the shore

Question 10

describe tides (3)

Answer 10

• Change in water level on shores
• Caused by gravitational pulls from the moon and sun
• Centripetal force causes water to bulge - higher water levels at the equator

Question 11

describe river formation (5)

Answer 11

• Most streams originate in higher elevations
• In lower areas, smaller streams begin to combine to form rivers, increase in volume
• Over time rivers slowly begin to twist and turn, this erodes the nearby river banks forming valleys (river is meandering)
• As river waters begin to slow the farther it travels from its source it deposits rocks and minerals into the riverbed
• River eventually forms collects into a lake, or flows into the ocean

Question 12

why is it so important river / stream charteristics?

Answer 12

• helps us understand types of organisms living there and the impact humans can have on these waters
• Engineers use stream characteristics for building bridges, dams

Question 13

describe the different zones in rivers

Answer 13

Erosion zone - fast, large sediments enter water
Transfer Zone - slowing down, sediment moving along river
Depositional Zone - very slow, sediment deposited at bottom of river

Question 14

describe 5 stream Characteristics

Answer 14

Speed of flow - fast, moderate, slow, crawling
Quantity of water - vast (Amazon River), large (North Sask. River), moderate (Bow River), small (Elbow River), trickle (mountain brook)
Stream shape - straight, sinuous, meandering
Stream slope (affects speed of water flow - steep, moderate, gentle)
Stream width (how wide is the river) wide, intermediate, narrow
Stream bank (tall steep cliffs - not much erosion, valleys eroded over time, deltas form via deposition)
Stream sediment size (how large are rocks being pushed by the river)
Stream sediment amount - turbidity (more sediment = murky)
large amounts (Mekong Delta), moderate (North Sask. River), small amounts (Bow River)

Question 15

delta definition

Answer 15

zones of deposit

Question 16

how are some landforms formed?

Answer 16

Landforms created by deposition of sediment carried by a river as the flow leaves the river and enters slower moving water (ocean / lakes)

Question 17

examples of moving water being a powerful force:

Answer 17

waves on shorelines, rivers cutting through land.\

Question 18

WEATHERING

Answer 18

the wearing away of rock and sediment

Question 19

EROSION

Answer 19

transporting of the weathered rock fragments, soil, sand

Question 20

SEDIMENTS

Answer 20

eroded rock fragments and soil carried by water, wind

Question 21

DEPOSITION

Answer 21

depositing of sediments

Question 22

CHEMICAL WEATHERING

Answer 22

water reacts with chemicals to dissolve rock

Question 23

how does a river’s sediment load get affected?

Answer 23

The faster the water moves, the more water it can carry

Question 24

river’s sediment load:

Answer 24

is the amount of materials that it can carry

Question 25

describe Ocean Basins (3)

Answer 25

• Lithosphere (solid outer part of Earth) is broken into tectonic plates constantly moving very slowly due to convection currents in Earth’s core
• Without oceans, we would still see solid surface with mountains, volcanoes and basins - also trenches and mid-ocean ridges
• Oceans are like the sinks of the world because of their low elevation

Question 26

describe Watersheds (4)

Answer 26

• An area of land that drains into one main lake or river
• Can contain many smaller lakes and rivers
• Like a funnel that collects water and drains it into a pipe
• Edges of watershed are raised areas (mountains, hills)

Question 27

CONTINENTAL DIVIDE

Answer 27

• highest point of land on a continent

- rivers flow into different oceans depending on which side of the divide they begin

Question 28

describe the continental divide (3)

Answer 28

• The same forces that shape the ocean basins also build the continental divides.
• on the edge of the continent, two plates meet and push against each other, which cause wrinkles in the continent’s surface to push upward and form mountain ranges.
• Plate tectonics have formed many continental divides.

Question 29

Glaciers

Answer 29

• Large moving body of ice,
• glaciers can be many meters or even kilometres thick,
• stores vast amounts of freshwater.

Question 30

describe glaciers(3)

Answer 30

• Glaciers that cover vast areas of land are called continental glaciers or ice caps.
• Glaciers form in the cold regions of Earth, they build up
• Glacier movement depends on climate: cooler leads to advancing, warmer leads to retreating glaciers

Question 31

Currents (2)

Answer 31

• streams of water that move within a larger body of water.
• Currents carry warmer and colder water to different areas

Question 32

Surface currents are caused

Answer 32

by wind and Earth’s rotation (riptides)

Question 33

Deep water currents are

Answer 33

caused by temperature differences in water,

• salinity differences (density),
• Earth’s rotation (Gulf Stream)

Question 34

describe Ocean Currents and Climate (3)

Answer 34

• Surface currents move water great distances
• Warm or cold currents greatly influence the climates on land
• ocean current temperature affects the amount of precipitation in an area (Warm air holds more moisture than cold air)

Question 35

what is the difference between currents and waves?

Answer 35

***Currents are different from waves because the water moves from place to place

Question 36

describe valley glaciers

Answer 36

• when glaciers move between mountains it’s called valley glaciers
• The valley glaciers collect huge or small pieces of rocks, which drag on the surface and determine the form of the land.

Question 37

describe an example of the movement of warm water

Answer 37

-Warm water from the Gulf of Mexico moves to the North Atlantic - warms Europe’s climate