Section 1

Question 1

Register

Answer 1

• A type of language that’s appropriate for a particular audience or situation
• Includes level of formality

Question 2

Mode

Answer 2

*whether the language is written or spoken

Question 3

Lexis

Answer 3

• vocabulary of language

* lexical field

Question 4

Semantics

Answer 4

• how meaning is created through words/phrases

* meaning can be explicit or implicit

Question 5

Grammar

Answer 5

• rules that structure words/sentence structure
• syntax-how the type of word functions relate to each other
• morphology-individual units that make up whole words

Question 6

Phonology

Answer 6

• study of sounds, how they’re produced and combined to make words
• includes non-verbal aspects of speech or prosody

Question 7

Pragmatically

Answer 7

• how social conventions, context, personality and relationships influences choices about language
• e.g. how you address someone shows levels of formality and social conventions

Question 8

Graphology

Answer 8

• appearance of writing

* typeface, positioning and relationship

Question 9

Discourse

Answer 9

*extended piece of language, made up of more than one utterance/sentence

Question 10

Written discourse structure

Answer 10

*how text is put together
*opening section is important
Develop into theme/argument

Question 11

Spoken discourse structure

Answer 11

*conversations are unpredictable and speakers digress

Question 12

How discourse fits together

Answer 12

*lexical/grammatical cohesion

Question 13

Discourse analysis steps

Answer 13

• type of discourse (genre, register, audience, subject, purpose and mode)
• how each language framework contributes
• discourse structure and cohesion

Question 14

8 main word classes

Answer 14

• nouns- ‘naming words’
• adjectives- describe nouns
• verbs- ‘doing’ words
• adverbs- describe verbs
• conjunctions- ‘connecting’ words
• prepositions- define relationship between words in terms of time, space and direction
• determiners- give specific information about a noun

Question 15

Grammatical rules affect word formation (morphology)

Answer 15

• inflections added
• e.g singular noun into a plural
• present tense to past tense

Question 16

Noun categories

Answer 16

• proper noun- specific names
• concrete nouns- physicality touch or see
• abstract nouns- concepts, states, qualities and emotions
• collective nouns- groups

Question 17

Noun modification

Answer 17

• pre-modifiers- before noun, can have more than one

* post-modifiers- after the noun

Question 18

Comparative adjectives

Answer 18

Simple- fine
Comparative- finer
Superlative- finest

Question 19

Modal auxiliaries

Answer 19

• can only occur with reference to main verb

* could, will, would, should, can, must, may, might and shall

Question 20

Passive voice

Answer 20

• less direct, focuses on object (which comes first)

* makes sentences seem more formal

Question 21

Conjunctions are linking words

Answer 21

• coordinating- connections have equal status

* subordinating- link main clause to one that’s less important to the subject of the sentence

Question 22

Simple to complex sentences (tells you about target audience)

Answer 22

• minor- don’t have a subject and verb combination
• simple- must have subject and verb, should express a complete thought
• compound- independent clause linked to another by coordinating conjunctions
• complex- main clause and a subordinate clause
• compound-complex- at least 2 coordinate clauses connected by a coordinating conjunction and a subordinate clause

Question 23

Classify sentences by function

Answer 23

• declaratives- statements giving information
• imperatives-give orders, instructions, advice
• interrogatives- questions
• exclamatives- expressive function!

Question 24

Adding an affix

Answer 24

• suffixes are put after root of word, alter meaning

* prefixes are put before the root of word, often reverse original meaning

Question 25

Informal lexis

Answer 25

* colloquial * monosyllabic words * abbreviations

Question 26

Formal lexis

Answer 26

* serious/impersonal * standard English * polysyllabic * less abbreviated words * Latinate roots

Question 27

Semantics looks at how the meanings of words are constructed and interpreted

Answer 27

* denotation- straightforward meaning (important for instructions and information to avoid ambiguity) * connotation- associations/emotions (interpretation varied between people) * implication- meaning is suggested * ambiguity- interpreted in more than 1 way (to raise questions)

Question 28

Hyponymy

Answer 28

* hypernym- general word | * hyponym- specific word linked to the hypernym

Question 29

Figurative language

Answer 29

* similes * metaphors (dead metaphors) * personification * metonym * oxymoron

Question 30

Jargon

Answer 30

* specialist vocabulary associated with particular occupation or activity * formal

Question 31

Rhetorical language to persuade

Answer 31

* tripartite structure- emphasis and builds climax * repetition- emphasis * hyperbole- exaggeration for effect * rhetorical question- obvious answer

Question 32

Difference between phonology and phonetics

Answer 32

* phonology- patterns of sound (phonemes) | * phonetics- how sounds made/received, differences in articulation

Question 33

Phonological frameworks

Answer 33

* rhythm- emphasis, remembrance * rhyme- meanings link * alliteration * assonance * onomatopoeia

Question 34

Pragmatics is how language is used in social situations

Answer 34

* unwritten social rules to prevent certain sayings * social conventions to make you say particular things * social context - subtext

Question 35

Politeness strategy

Answer 35

* definite with negative word- direct response deemed slightly rude * definite without negative word- humorous effect, don't care about being offensive * excuse- used to justify why the answer is no * evasive- avoid having to say no * apologetic- soften negative response * inarticulate-person feels awkward and trying to be polite

Question 36

Written mode

Answer 36

* most formal * meaning made clear * try to convey prosodic features

Question 37

Spoken mode

Answer 37

* least formal mode * non-verbal communication and prosodic features * disjointed grammar and non-fluency features * phatic expressions

Question 38

Genre

Answer 38

* What kind of language is it? | * Written or spoken discourse