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Biologyy > Section 1 - Key Concepts in Biology > Flashcards

Section 1 - Key Concepts in Biology Flashcards

cells, specialised cells, microscopy, more microscopy, enzymes, more on enzymes, enzymes in breakdown and synthesis, Diffusion, osmosis and active transport, investigating osmosis

1
Q

What are the two types of cells that organisms can be?

A

Eukaryotes or Prokaryotes

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2
Q

What is the function of the nucleus?

A

Contains genetic material that controls cell activities

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3
Q

What is the cytoplasm?

A

A gel-like substance where most of the chemical reactions happen. It contains enzymes that control these chemical reactions.

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4
Q

What is the function of the cell membrane?

A

Holds the cell together and controls what goes in and out

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5
Q

What is the function of the Mitochondria?

A

Where most of the reactions for respiration take place

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6
Q

What is the main function of respiration?

A

Transfer energy for cell work

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7
Q

What is the function of ribosomes?

A

Translate genetic material for protein synthesis

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8
Q

What is the function of the cell wall in plant cells?

A

Support and strengthen the cell

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9
Q

What is the rigid cell wall made of ?

A

Cellulose

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10
Q

What is the function of the large vacuole in plant cells?

A

Maintain internal pressure and support the cell

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11
Q

What does the large vacuole contain ?

A

Cell sap

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12
Q

Where does photosynthesis occur in plant cells ?

A

Chloroplasts

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13
Q

What does chloroplasts contain ?

A

Chlorophyll

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14
Q

Do bacteria cells contain a nucleus ?

A

No

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15
Q

What is the subcellular structure that controls a bacterial cell’s activities and replication ?

A

Chromosomal DNA

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16
Q

Where is the chromosomal DNA located in a bacterial cell?

A

In the cytoplasm

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17
Q

What are the small loops of extra DNA in bacterial cells called ?

A

Plasmid DNA

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18
Q

What do plasmids contain ?

A

Genes

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19
Q

what is the function of the flagellum ?

A

To make the bacterium move

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20
Q

What is the purpose of plasmids being passed between bacteria?

A

To transfer genes

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21
Q

What are subcellular structures also known as?

A

Organelles

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22
Q

What are multicellular organisms?

A

Multicellular organisms contain lots of different types of cells with different structures.

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23
Q

What are specialised cells?

A

Cells that have a structure which makes them adapted to their function are called specialised cells.

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24
Q

What happens in sexual reproduction?

A

In sexual reproduction, the nucleus of an egg cell fuses with the nucleus of a sperm cell to form a zygote which then develops into an embryo. This process is called fertilisation.

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25
Q

What is the function of an egg cell?

A

The function of an egg is to carry the female DNA and combine it with male DNA; it also provides all that is needed for development up until birth including nutrients.

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26
Q

What is the function of a sperm cell?

A

The function of sperm is to transport the male DNA into the female’s egg so that fertilisation can occur.

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27
Q

What are ciliated epithelial cells?

A

Epithelial cells line surfaces which come into contact with the external environment. Some of them have tiny hair-like structures on the top surface called cilia.

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28
Q

What is the function of cilia?

A

The rhythmic beating action (movement) of cilia allows particles trapped in mucus secreted by goblet cells above them to be moved along the surface so it can be swallowed or doesn’t reach lungs.

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29
Q

What do microscopes do?

A

Microscopes use lenses to magnify images and increase the resolution of an image. A better resolution means the two points can be seen more clearly as separate entities.

30
Q

What is a light microscope?

A

Light microscopes were invented in the 1590s. They work by passing light through the specimen.

31
Q

What is an electron microscope?

A

Electron microscopes were invented in the 1930s. They use electrons rather than light. Electrons allow for much higher magnification and resolution than light microscopy.

32
Q

How to view a specimen using a light microscope?

A

Your specimen needs to let light through it so you’ll need to take a thin slice of it. Next, take a clean slide and place one drop of water in the middle of it. Now place your thin slice on top and press down gently on top.

33
Q

What is magnification?

A

Magnification is how many times bigger the image is compared to the actual object.

34
Q

How is total magnification calculated?

A

Magnification of eye piece lens x magnification of objective lens

35
Q

What is resolution in the context of microscopy?

A

Resolution is how well a microscope distinguishes between two points that are close together. A better resolution means the two points can be seen more clearly as separate entities.

36
Q

What is the difference between light microscopes and electron microscopes?

A

Light microscopes were invented in the 1590s and work by passing light through the specimen. Electron microscopes were invented in the 1930s and use electrons rather than light, allowing for much higher magnification and resolution.

37
Q

What are enzymes?

A

Enzymes are catalysts produced by living things to speed up chemical reactions.

38
Q

How do enzymes work?

A

They have high specificity shape that allow them to catalyse reactions by joining with substrates at the active site.

39
Q

What is the “lock and key” model?

A

It’s a model explaining how enzymes and substrates fit together perfectly, like a key fits into a lock.

40
Q

How do temperature, pH, and substrate concentration affect enzyme activity?

A

These factors influence the rate of reaction. Each enzyme has an optimal temperature and pH where it works best.

41
Q

What is the enzyme amylase?

A

Amylase is an enzyme that catalyses the breakdown of starch to maltose.

42
Q

How can you detect starch?

A

Starch can be detected using iodine solution. If starch is present, the iodine solution will change from brown-orange to blue-black.

43
Q

What is the effect of temperature on enzyme activity?

A

Increasing temperature can speed up the reaction rates, but too high temperatures can denature the enzyme and kill the organism.

44
Q

How do you view a specimen using a light microscope?

A

Your specimen needs to let light through it so you’ll need to take a thin slice of it. Next, take a clean slide and place one drop of water in the middle of it. Now place your thin slice on top and press down gently on top.

45
Q

How do you calculate the rate of reaction?

A

The rate of reaction can be calculated using the formula: Rate = (1000 / time) x volume.

46
Q

What do enzymes break down?

A

Enzymes break down big molecules like proteins, lipids, and some carbohydrates into smaller components.

47
Q

How do enzymes aid in digestion?

A

They weaken the bonds of big molecules in the digestive system, facilitating their breakdown into smaller, utilizable molecules.

48
Q

Name three types of enzymes involved in breaking down carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids.

A

Carbohydrases (for carbohydrates), proteases (for proteins), lipases (for lipids).

49
Q

How are some enzymes involved in joining molecules together?

A

They assist organisms to synthesize carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids from their smaller components.

50
Q

What is diffusion and where does it occur?

A

Diffusion is the gradual movement of particles from a high concentration to places where there are low concentration through a semi-permeable membrane . It’s the natural tendency for stuff to spread out. Diffusion happens in both liquids and gases because the particles in these substances can move about randomly.

51
Q

What is osmosis and how is it different from diffusion?

A

Osmosis is the net movement of water molecules across a partially permeable membrane from an area with a high concentration of water molecules (high water potential) to an area with lower concentration of water molecules (low water potential). It is a special case of diffusion that specifically involves water molecules.

52
Q

Can you provide an example of osmosis?

A

An example of osmosis is when raisins plump up when they’re soaked in water overnight. The water molecules move from the area of high water potential (the water) to the area of low water potential (inside the raisin).

53
Q

What is active transport and how is it different from diffusion and osmosis?

A

Active transport is the movement of particles against a concentration gradient, requiring energy. It’s not a passive process like diffusion and osmosis. It moves particles from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration.

54
Q

What types of molecules can and cannot fit through the gaps during diffusion?

A

Only very small molecules can diffuse through cell membranes, things like glucose. Big molecules like starch and proteins can’t fit through the gaps.

55
Q

Describe the purpose of the experiment involving potato cylinders and sucrose solutions.

A

The experiment with potato cylinders and sucrose solutions aims to investigate how varying water concentrations impact the potatoes. This helps understand osmosis, where water moves across membranes to balance concentrations, affecting the size and weight of the potato cylinders.

56
Q

What steps are involved in preparing for the experiment with potato cylinders and sucrose solutions?

A

Preparing sucrose solutions of varying concentrations, cutting potatoes into uniform pieces, measuring the mass of the potato groups, placing groups in different solutions, and allowing them to soak.

57
Q

Define ‘M’ in the context of the experiment with sucrose solutions and potato cylinders.

A

M stands for molarity, a unit of concentration used to measure the strength of a solution.

58
Q

How long should the potato cylinders be left in the sucrose solutions during the experiment?

A

Leaving the potato cylinders in the sucrose solutions for at least 40 minutes allows for sufficient time for osmosis to occur. This duration ensures that the cells have ample time to reach equilibrium with the surrounding solution, leading to reliable and consistent results in the experiment.

59
Q

What is the significance of patting the potato cylinders dry after removing them from the sucrose solutions?

A

Patting the potato cylinders dry removes any excess sucrose solution that could skew the mass measurements. This step ensures that the recorded changes in mass accurately reflect the amount of water gained or lost during the experiment, providing reliable data for analysis.

60
Q

Describe the importance of using potato cylinders of the same size in the experiment.

A

To control variables and ensure that any observed effects are due to the differences in water concentrations, not variations in potato size.

61
Q

What tool is recommended for cutting the potato into uniform pieces for the experiment?

A

A cork borer is recommended for cutting the potato into consistent cylindrical shapes

62
Q

Describe the purpose of removing excess water from the potato cylinders in experiment.

A

To obtain a more accurate measurement of the final masses of the cylinders.

63
Q

Define the key factor that should be changed in the osmosis experiment

A

Changing the sucrose solution concentration is crucial in the experiment as it directly impacts the osmosis process being studied. Altering this factor allows for observing how varying concentrations affect the movement of water across a semi-permeable membrane, providing valuable insights into osmotic processes.

64
Q

How should the variables other than sucrose solution concentration be treated in the experiment to ensure valid results?

A

They should be kept constant, including the volume of solution, size of potato cylinders, type of potatoes used, and amount of drying.

65
Q

Do you need to calculate the percentage change in mass for each group of cylinders before and after their time in the sucrose solution?

A

Yes, calculating the percentage change allows for comparison of the effect of sucrose concentration

66
Q

Describe the process of interpreting the results in the experiment.

A

Calculating the percentage change in mass for each group of cylinders to analyse the impact of sucrose concentration on the cylinders’ mass changes.

67
Q

What does a positive result in the mass change calculation indicate for the potato cylinders?

A

The potato cylinders gained mass.

68
Q

Describe the relationship between the water concentration of sucrose solutions and the mass change in the potato cylinders.

A

When the water concentration of sucrose solutions is isotonic, there is no change in mass. When the water concentration of sucrose solutions is higher, the cylinders gain mass; when lower, the cylinders lose mass

69
Q

How can you determine if the fluid inside the potato cylinders and the sucrose solution are isotonic from the graph?

A

Where the curve crosses the x-axis, there is no change in mass, indicating isotonic conditions.

70
Q

Define osmosis in the context of the potato cylinder experiment.

A

Osmosis is the movement of water from an area of higher water concentration to an area of lower water concentration through a selectively permeable membrane, causing the cylinders to gain or lose mass.

71
Q

What does a negative result in the mass change calculation indicate for the potato cylinders?

A

The potato cylinders lost mass.

Biologyy (9 decks)

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