Section 1: Nature of Immune System

Question 1

Defined as the study of a host’s reactions when foreign substances are introduced into the body.

Answer 1

Immunology

Question 2

A foreign substance that induces such an immune response is called an?

Answer 2

Antigen/Immunogen

Question 3

The practice of deliberately exposing an individual to material from smallpox lesions was known as ?

Answer 3

Variolation

Question 4

The first written records of immunological experimentation date back to the ?

Answer 4

1500

Question 5

An English country doctor that discovered a remarkable relationship between exposure to cowpox and immunity to smallpox?

Answer 5

Edward Jenner

Question 6

The procedure of injecting cellular material became known as ?

Answer 6

Vaccination

Question 7

The phenomenon in which exposure to one agent produces protection against another agent is known as ?

Answer 7

Cross-immunity

Question 8

Vaccination comes from Latin word Vacca means?

Answer 8

Cow

Question 9

A Russian scientist, that observed that foreign objects introduced into transparent starfish larvae became surrounded by motile cells that attempted to destroy these invaders.

Answer 9

Elie Metchnikoff

Question 10

Cells that eat cells

Answer 10

Phagocytosis

Question 11

An English physician named linked the two theories by showing that the immune response involved both cellular and humoral elements.

Answer 11

Almoth Wright

Question 12

A certain humoral, or circulating factors that acted to coat bacteria so that they became more susceptible to ingestion by phagocytic cells.

Answer 12

Opsonins

Question 13

Is the ability of the individual to resist infection by means of normally present body functions.

Answer 13

Natural or Innate Immunity

Question 14

Is a type of resistance that is characterized by specificity for each individual pathogen and the ability to remember a prior exposure, which results in an increased response upon repeated exposure.

Answer 14

Acquired immunity

Question 15

It is composed of structural barriers that prevent most infectious agents from entering the body.

Answer 15

External defense system

Question 16

What did you call to the normal flora that often keeps pathogens from establishing themselves in the different parts of the body?

Answer 16

Competitive exclusion

Question 17

The second part of the natural immunity?

Answer 17

Internal defense system

Question 18

Phagocytosis is enhanced by soluble factors called

Answer 18

Acute-phase reactants

Question 19

Normal serum constituents that increase rapidly by at least 25% due to infection, injury, or trauma to the tissues.

Answer 19

Acute-phase reactants

Question 20

Acute-phase reactants are produced primarily by?

Answer 20

Hepatocytes or Liver parenchymal cells

Question 21

Intercellular signaling polypeptides

Answer 21

Cytokines

Question 22

A trace constituent of serum originally thought to be an antibody to the c-polysaccharide of pneumococci.

Answer 22

C-reactive protein

Question 23

It increases rapidly within 4 to 6 hours fol-lowing infection, surgery, or other trauma to the body.

Answer 23

C-reactive protein

Question 24

Plasma Half life of CRP?

Answer 24

19 hours

Question 25

Most widely used indicator of acute inflammation

Answer 25

C-reactive protein

Question 26

Other major protein whose concentration can increase almost a thousandfold, as is the case in CRP.

Answer 26

Serum amyloid A

Question 27

Is apolipoprotein that is synthesized in the liver | and has a molecular weight of 11,685 daltons.

Answer 27

Serum amyloid A

Question 28

Normal circulating levels of serum amyloid A

Answer 28

30ug/ml

Question 29

It refers to a series of serum proteins that are normally present and whose overall function is mediation of inflammation.

Answer 29

Complement

Question 30

Major functions of complement are

Answer 30

Opsonization, Chemotaxis, Lysis of cells

Question 31

It is a trimer that acts as an opsonin, which is calcium-dependent.

Answer 31

Mannose-binding protein

Question 32

Other term of Mannose-binding protein is??

Answer 32

Mannose-binding lectin

Question 33

It has many similarities to the complement component C1q, as binding activates the complement cascade and helps to promote phagocytosis.

Answer 33

Mannose-binding lectin

Question 34

Normal concentrations of Mannose-binding protein

Answer 34

up to 10ug/ml

Question 35

Lack of MBP has been associated with recurrent ?

Answer 35

yeast infection

Question 36

It is the major component of the alpha band when serum is electrophoresed.

Answer 36

Alpha1-Antitrypsin

Question 37

Although the name implies that it acts against trypsin, it is a general plasma inhibitor of proteases released from leukocytes, especially elastase.

Answer 37

Alpha1-Antitrypsin

Question 38

It is an endogenous enzyme that can degrade elastin and collagen

Answer 38

Elastase

Question 39

It acts to “mop up” or counteract the effects of neutrophil invasion during an inflammatory response.

Answer 39

Alpha1-Antitrypsin

Question 40

It is s an alpha2-globulin with a molecular weight of 100,000 daltons.

Answer 40

Haptoglobin

Question 41

Its primary function is to bind irreversibly to free hemoglobin released by intravascular hemolysis.

Answer 41

Haptoglobin

Question 42

It plays an important role in protecting the kidney from damage and in preventing the loss of iron by urinary excretion.

Answer 42

Haptoglobin

Question 43

Normal concentration of Haptoglobin?

Answer 43

40-290mg/dL

Question 44

What is the most abundant of the coagulation factors in plasma, and it forms the fibrin clot

Answer 44

Fibrinogen

Question 45

Fibrinogen molecule is a dimer with a molecular weight of?

Answer 45

340,000 daltons

Question 46

Normal levels range of Fibrinogen?

Answer 46

100-400mg/dL

Question 47

It consists of a single polypeptide chain with a molecular weight of 132,000 daltons.

Answer 47

Ceruloplasmin

Question 48

It is the principal copper-transporting protein in human plasma, binding 90 to 95 percent of the copper found in plasma

Answer 48

Ceruloplasmin

Question 49

A depletion of ceruloplasmin is found in what disease

Answer 49

Wilson's disease

Question 50

Marginating occurs to allow neutrophils to move from the circulating blood to the tissues through a process known as

Answer 50

Diapedesis

Question 51

are chemical messengers that cause cells to migrate in a particular direction.

Answer 51

Chemotaxins

Question 52

Total of 50-70% in peripheral white blood cells

Answer 52

Neutrophils

Question 53

make up between 1 and 3 percent of the circulating white blood cells in a nonallergic person

Answer 53

Eosinophils

Question 54

Less than 1 percent of all circulating white blood cells.

Answer 54

Basophils

Question 55

10 to 15 μm in diameter and contain coarse, densely staining deep-bluish-purple granules that often obscure the nucleus

Answer 55

Basophils

Question 56

It resemble basophils, but they are connective tissue cells of mesenchymal origin.

Answer 56

Mast cells

Question 57

Have a long life span of between 9 and 18 months

Answer 57

Mast cells

Question 58

Are the largest cells in the peripheral blood, with a diameter that can vary from 12 to 22 μm; they have an average size of 18 μm.

Answer 58

Monocytes

Question 59

abundant cytoplasm stains a dull grayish blue and has a ground-glass appearance due to the presence of fine dust like granules.

Answer 59

Monocytes

Question 60

Cells that become macrophages

Answer 60

Monocytes

Question 61

stay in peripheral blood for up to 70 hours

Answer 61

Monocytes

Question 62

two-fold to ten-fold increase in hgb is seen in inflammation, tissue necrosis, and stress

Answer 62

Haptoglobin

Question 63

A progressive cellular enlargement to between 25 and 80 μm

Answer 63

Tissue Macrophage

Question 64

Macrophages have specific names according to their particular tissue location: LUNGS

Answer 64

alveolar macrophages

Question 65

Macrophages have specific names according to their particular tissue location: LIVER

Answer 65

Kupffer cells

Question 66

Macrophages have specific names according to their particular tissue location: BRAIN

Answer 66

Microglial cells

Question 67

Macrophages have specific names according to their particular tissue location: CONNECTIVE TISSUE

Answer 67

Histiocytes

Question 68

main function is to phagocytose antigen and present it to helper T lymphocytes.

Answer 68

Dendritic cells

Question 69

Dendritic cells have specific names according to their particular tissue location: SKIN AND MUCOUS MEMBRANE

Answer 69

Langerhans cells

Question 70

most potent phagocytic cell in the tissue

Answer 70

Dendritic cells

Question 71

A serum proteins that attach to a foreign substance and help prepare it for phagocytosis.

Answer 71

Opsonins

Question 72

“to prepare for eating.”

Answer 72

Opsonins

Question 73

may act by neutralizing the surface charge on the foreign particle, making it easier for the cells to approach one another.

Answer 73

Opsonins

Question 74

The overall reaction of the body to injury or invasion by an infectious agent is known as

Answer 74

Inflammation

Question 75

the major type of cell present in acute inflammation.

Answer 75

Neutrophil

Question 76

Enhancement of phagocytosis by coating of foreign particles with serum proteins is called a. opsonization. b. agglutination. c. solubilization. d. chemotaxis.

Answer 76

a

Question 77

Jenner’s work with cowpox, which provided immunity against smallpox, demonstrates which phenomenon? a. Natural immunity b. Attenuation of vaccines c. Phagocytosis d. Cross-immunity

Answer 77

d

Question 78

Which of the following can be attributed to Pasteur? a. Discovery of opsonins b. Research on haptens c. First attenuated vaccines d. Discovery of the ABO blood groups

Answer 78

c

Question 79

Which of the following peripheral blood cells plays a keyrole in killing of parasites? a. Neutrophils b. Monocytes c. Lymphocytes d. Eosinophils

Answer 79

d

Question 80

Which of the following plays an important role as an external defense mechanism? a. Phagocytosis b. C-reactive protein c. Lysozyme d. Complement

Answer 80

a

Question 81

The process of inflammation is characterized by all of the following except a. increased blood supply to the area. b. migration of white blood cells. c. decreased capillary permeability. d. appearance of acute-phase reactants.

Answer 81

c

Question 82

Skin, lactic acid secretions, stomach acidity, and the motion of cilia represent which type of immunity? a. Natural b. Acquired c. Adaptive d. Auto

Answer 82

a

Question 83

The structure formed by the fusion of engulfed material and enzymatic granules within the phagocytic cell is called a a. phagosome. b. lysosome. c. vacuole. d. phagolysosome.

Answer 83

d

Question 84

Which of the following white blood cells is capable of further differentiation in the tissues? a. Neutrophil b. Eosinophil c. Basophil d. Monocyte

Answer 84

d

Question 85

The presence of normal flora acts as a defense mechanism by which of the following means? a. Maintaining an acid environment b. Competing with pathogens for nutrients c. Keeping phagocytes in the area d. Coating mucosal surfaces

Answer 85

b

Question 86

Measurement of CRP levels can be used for all of the following except a. monitoring drug therapy with anti-inflammatory agents. b. tracking the normal progress of surgery. c. diagnosis of a specific bacterial infection. d. determining active phases of rheumatoid arthritis.

Answer 86

c

Question 87

Which of the following are characteristics of acute-phase reactants? a. Rapid increase following infection b. Enhancement of phagocytosis c. Nonspecific indicators of inflammation d. All of the above

Answer 87

d

Question 88

A latex agglutination test for CRP is run on a 12-year-old girl who has been ill for the past 5 days with an undiagnosed disease. The results obtained are as follows: weakly reactive with the undiluted serum and negative for both the positive and negative controls.What should the technologist do next? a. Repeat the entire test b. Report the results as indeterminate c. Report the result as positive d. Obtain a new sample

Answer 88

a

Question 89

Which is the most significant agent formed in the phagolysosome for the killing of microorganisms? a. Proteolytic enzymes b. Hydroxyl radicals c. Hydrogen peroxide d. Superoxides

Answer 89

c

Question 90

The action of CRP can be distinguished from that of an antibody in which of the following ways? a. CRP acts before the antibody appears. b. Only the antibody triggers the complement cascade. c. Binding of the antibody is calcium-dependent. d. Only CRP acts as an opsonin.

Answer 90

a