Section 1: The Neuroscience of Learning

Question 1

Which of the following best describes cognition?
A: the physical structure of the brain
B: the process of moving and coordinating muscles
C: the ability to see and hear
D: the mental processes involved in acquiring, processing, storing, and using information

Answer 1

D: the mental processes involved in acquiring, processing, storing, and using information

Question 2

What is the brain development timeline?

Answer 2

Prenatal, Birth, Newborn, Early Childhood, Adolescence, Adulthood

Question 3

Formations of the brain cells begin in the womb

Answer 3

Prenatal

Question 4

The brain begins a rapid period of growth

Answer 4

Newborn

Question 5

Pruning begins and myelination continues

Answer 5

Early Childhood

Question 6

Brain development processes continue

Answer 6

Adolescence

Question 7

Brain development begins to slow down

Answer 7

Adulthood

Question 8

The study of the brain and nervous system

Answer 8

Neuroscience

Question 9

Thinking activities such as remembering, understanding, problems-solving, and decision-making, including how people get, use, and store information in their minds

Answer 9

Cognition

Question 10

Tiny cells in the brain that work together like an extensive communication network

Answer 10

Neurons

Question 11

Plays a crucial role in acquiring new knowledge, honing cognitive skills, and adapting to the challenges of formal education

Answer 11

Neurodevelopment

Question 12

Part of the brain that connects to the spinal cord; oversees important jobs like keeping the heart beating regularly, controlling breathing, managing blood flow, and controlling automatic actions like sneezing and swallowing

Answer 12

Brain Stem

Question 13

Deep in the brain, it is like an emotional control center helping handle feelings like happiness, fear, and sadness

Answer 13

Limbic system

Question 14

Located at the back of the head, the “little brain” helps control voluntary muscle movements, posture, and balance

Answer 14

Cerebellum

Question 15

The front part of the brain responsible for controlling movement, body temperature, and thinking skills like speaking, problem-solving, and decision-making; it also handles sensory tasks like seeing, hearing, and feeling touch

Answer 15

Cerebrum

Question 16

Plays a crucial role in decision-making, impulse control, and emotional regulation

Answer 16

Prefrontal Cortex

Question 17

True or False: cognition encompasses processes such as memory, perception, reasoning, problem-solving, and decision-making

Answer 17

True

Question 18

True or False: the prefrontal cortex is responsible for balance, coordination, and motor control

Answer 18

False

Question 19

What is functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) primarily used for?
A: Evaluating blood flow in arteries
B: Visualizing soft tissue organs
C: Mapping brain activity
D: Detecting fractures in bones

Answer 19

C: Mapping brain activity

Question 20

The initial processing of information, where sensory input is transformed into a from that the brain can store and use

Answer 20

Encoding

Question 21

Retaining this encoded information over time, while retrieval is the process of getting stored information when needed

Answer 21

Storage

Question 22

Plays a vital role in refining our learning strategies by providing information about our performance, guiding future actions

Answer 22

Feedback

Question 23

Involves awareness and understanding of one’s thinking processes, enabling learners to monitor and regulate their learning effectively

Answer 23

Metacognition

Question 24

Actively recalling information from memory, such as answering questions or completing quizzes, which strengthens long-term retention

Answer 24

Retrieval Practice

Question 25

Spacing out study sessions over time rather than cramming all at once, which promotes better retention and understanding

Answer 25

Spacing

Question 26

Mixing up different types of problems or topics during study sessions, which enhances learning by promoting deeper understanding and transfer of knowledge

Answer 26

Interleaving

Question 27

Using feedback from assessments and evaluations to reflect on and regulate one's own learning strategies and understanding

Answer 27

Feedback Driven Metacognition

Question 28

Introducing challenges or obstacles during learning to cultivate resilience and enhance overall

Answer 28

Desirable Difficulty

Question 29

Investigates how people learn, encompassing psychology, neuroscience, education, and computer science to understand the cognitive processes, behaviors, and environments that facilitate learning and knowledge acquisition

Answer 29

Learning Science

Question 30

Arise from solid empirical research or methods show to positively affect classroom learning

Answer 30

Research-Based Practices

Question 31

Practices informed by evidence from studies conducted in educational research and learning science

Answer 31

Evidence-Based Practices

Question 32

the set of mental skills that help individuals plan, focus their attention, and remember instructions successfully

Answer 32

executive function

Question 33

Ways executive function can support learning

Answer 33

Planning, Working Memory, Self-Regulation, Organization, and Flexibility

Question 34

Select all learning strategies that contribute to long-term retention Cramming Feedback Retrieval Practice Multitasking

Answer 34

Feedback Retrieval Practice

Question 35

True or False: Storage involves actively recalling information from memory

Answer 35

False

Question 36

What term describes the process of accessing stored information when needed?

Answer 36

Retrieval

Question 37

the practice of studying intensively in a short period before an exam

Answer 37

Cramming

Question 38

The ability to perform multiple tasks simultaneously

Answer 38

Multitasking

Question 39

How does cramming affect the cerebrum? A: it minimizes the role of the cerebrum in learning and memory B: it activates the cerebrum, leading to improved memory formation C: it overwhelms the cerebrum, impairing cognitive functions D: it strengthens the cerebrum and enhances cognitive abilities

Answer 39

C: it overwhelms the cerebrum, impairing cognitive functions

Question 40

A part of the limbic system involved in memory, learning, and emotion

Answer 40

Hippocampus

Question 41

Explores how the brain retains information when learning is spread out over time rather than condensed

Answer 41

Distributed Practice

Question 42

True or False: Multitasking can reduce the brainstem's ability to regulate basic physiological functions

Answer 42

True

Question 43

What effect can multitasking have on the cerebrum? A: Enhancing its efficiency in processing emotional stimuli B: Overwhelming its limited capacity and impairing cognitive functions C: Reducing stress levels and inducing relaxation D: Strengthening its cognitive abilities and executive functions

Answer 43

B: Overwhelming its limited capacity and impairing cognitive functions

Question 44

What is the primary function of the hippocampus?

Answer 44

Maintaining attention and forming memories

Question 45

What does the "myth of normal" refer to from a science of learning perspective? A: Academic success can only be achieved through standardized testing and assessment B:Learning outcomes are solely determined by innate intelligence or ability C: Individual differences in learning preferences and abilities are insignificant D: There is a single, universally optimal learning style or cognitive functioning

Answer 45

D: There is a single, universally optimal learning style or cognitive functioning