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Biology 1001 > SECTION 10 > Flashcards

SECTION 10 Flashcards

(68 cards)

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1
Q

spherical bacteria

A

coccus or cocci

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2
Q

rod shaped bacteria

A

bacillus or bacilli

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3
Q

spiral

A

spirochete or spirochetes

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4
Q

function of the cell wall in bacteria

A

shape maintenance and protections from trauma and prevents swelling and bursting in hypotonic enviroments

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5
Q

what does the cell wall not do in bacteria

A

it cant prevent shrinking in hypertonic enviroments

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6
Q

what are the imporatnt compontents of bacteial cell walls

A

peptide glycan

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7
Q

what is peptide glycan

A

framework of modified sugar polymers linked by short polyppetides . tough, provides protection and anchorage for other molecules

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8
Q

what do archaea cell walls have

A

made of polysaccharides and proteins byt not peptidoglycan

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9
Q

gram positive

A

bacteria with thick cell walls

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10
Q

gram negative

A

bacteria with much less peptidoglycan

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11
Q

what stains are used in gram tests

A

crystal violet and iodine

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12
Q

steps of gram tests

A

add stains and wash with alchohol. if it stays purple that means its gram positive bc the stain is trapped nad if it is not purple that means the dye washed out and the cells are exposed to a safranin dye to be stained pink

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13
Q

what does penicillin work on

A

gram positive bacteria

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14
Q

what are the chemical implications of gram negative bacteria

A

the liposaccharides in the outer membrane of the cell wall can be toxic (endotoxins) and produce inflammatory response

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15
Q

what is the sticky outer layer secreted outside the cell wall of bacteria

A

polysaccharide or protein

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16
Q

capsule

A

if outer layer is dense and well defined

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17
Q

slime layer

A

if gooey and less structural and can be washed off

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18
Q

what are the two types of glycocalyx

A

capsule and slime layer

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19
Q

what is the fnction of a glycocalyx

A

protection : against dehydration agaiansts hosts immune system (cloak) virulence factor
attatchemnt: helps bacterium stick to substrate or other bacteria to form a colony

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20
Q

what are the hair like extensions on bacteria called

A

fimbriae and pili

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21
Q

what is the function of fimbriae

A

attatchment either onto other bactetria (to form a colony) or on specific host cell surface structures

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22
Q

adhesins

A

the attatchement molecules at the end of fimbriae. they act as virulence factors- without them many harmful bacteria lose their disease causing ability

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23
Q

pili

A

longer than fimbriae

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24
Q

what is the function of pili

A

form a mating bridge and function to pass genetic material between bactieral partners

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25
where are fimbriae and pili formed
they are protein extensions formed outside the bacterium
26
endospore
form inside bacterial cells. cell copies its DNA and packages it into a tough cell wall and removes water to inhibit metabolism. The cell then dies and endospore is released. once environmental conditions improve, the cues to prompt rehydration and started and the cell resumes existence
27
what is taxis
directional movement
28
what are the ways that bacteira move
by gliding over the substrate, twitching, and swimming
29
how to bacteria swim
using flagella
30
what is a trait of prokaryotic flagella
they can rotate 360 degrees
31
what are prokaryotic flagella made of
1. fillament: made of the protein flagellin 2. hook: links filament to motor 3motor: set of protein rings at the surface of the bacterium
32
how do prokaryotes have internal organization
they have specialized infoldings of the plasma membrane carrying enzymes dedicated to performing specific functions
33
examples of infoldings in prokaryotes
infoldings that functin in cellular respiration (aerobic prokaryotes) like mitochondria and infoldings called thylakoid membranes found in photosynthetic cyanobacteria. similar to chloroplasts
34
plasmids
additional little rings of DNA in the cytoplasm that contain contingency genes
35
what are contingency genes
genes not involved in the day to day running of the cell. they are involved in developing antibiotic resistance, becoming virulent, breaking down unusla substances
36
3 other ways that bactiera increase their diversity
1. transformation 2. trandsduction 3. conjugation all three involve horizontal gene transfer and genetic recombination
37
energy sources
``` chemical compounts (food- organic or inorganic chemical compounds) sunshine ```
38
carbon sources
food (preformed organic molecules) | inorganic carbon based molecules (co2)
39
three parts of a name of nutritional modes of living organisms
1. energy source 2. carbon source 3. troph (nutrition)
40
sunlight energy source
photo
41
chemical compound energy source (organic or inorganic)
chemo
42
carbon dioxide carbon source
auto
43
organic sources (food) of carbon
hetero
44
what types of organisms are photoautotrophs
cyanobacteria, plants, some protists
45
what types of organisms are photoheterotrophs
only prokaryotes
46
what types of organisms are chemoautotrophs
only prokaryotes
47
what types of organisms are chemoheterotrophs
animals, some plants, some protists and E.coli
48
what bacteria can fix nitrogen
anabaena
49
what genes do anabaena have
gens for photosynthesis and genes for nitrogen fixation
50
what do anabaena convert into NH3
N2
51
what is nitrogen called
a limiting element
52
what is a vital ecological role of bacteria
nitrogen fixation
53
what are heeterocysts
the anabaena that carry out nitrogen fixation. they have thick cell walls
54
why do heterocysts have thick cell walls
to protect them from toxic O2 produced during photosynthesis of neighbouring cells which would irreversibly bind to the nitrogenase enzymes involved in nitrogen fixation
55
anaerobes
prokaryotes that are poisoned by oxygen. they use fermentation to make their ATP
56
what are facaultative anaerobes
bacteria that can make ATP with or without oxygen
57
what types of trophs are decomposers
chemoheterotrophs
58
what to decomposers do
secrete enzymes to break down the organic molecules in dead organisms and absorb what they need and release inorganic molecules back into the environment
59
what do producers do
convert inorganic molecules into forms that can be take up and used by other organisms. example is cyanobacteria
60
what is known as primary production
photosyntheis
61
what is the original source of atmospheric oxygen
cyanobacteira
62
symbiosis
ecological releationship in which organisms of two different species live together in intimate physical contact
63
bacteroids thetaoitamicron
bacteria that synthesize carbs, vitamins and other nutrients which we use. they produce signal molecules that stimulate our intestine ot produce blood vessels which help increase absorption of nutrients. stimulate us to produce antimicrobial to kill their competition
64
what domain are pathogenic prokaryotes in
all bacteria none arhcaea
65
what are the disease causing toxins produced by bacteria
exo and endotoxins
66
what are exotoxins and what do they do
exotoxins are toxic proteins escreted direcctly into the host by live bacteria. these disrupt essential processes sometimes fatally
67
what are exotoxins and enodtoxins
disease causing poisons
68
what happens when gram negative bacteria die
they break down and release endotoxins- the outer lipopolysaccharide membrane which enters the blood stream and can cause severe inflammatory responses

Biology 1001 (4 decks)

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