SECTION 2 Flashcards
(99 cards)
1
Q
what to look for?
A
tire problems.
wheel and rim problems.
steering system defects.
suspension system defects
exhaust system defects.
emergency equipment.
cargo.
2
Q
what to look for?
A
tire problems.
wheel and rim problems.
steering system defects.
suspension system defects
exhaust system defects.
emergency equipment.
cargo.
3
Q
types of vehicle inspections?
A
4
Q
why isnpect?
A
Safety is the most important reason you inspect your vehicle, safety for yourself and for other road users. A vehicle defect found during an inspection could save you problems later. You could have a breakdown on the road that will cost time and dollars, or even worse, a crash caused by the defect. Federal and state laws require that drivers inspect their vehicles. Federal and state inspectors also may inspect your vehicles. If they judge the vehicle to be unsafe, they will put it “out of service” until it is fixed.
5
Q
cdl vehicle inspection test?
A
6
Q
seven step inspection method?
A
vehicle overview
check engine compartment
start engine and inspect inside the cab
turn off engine and check lights
do walkaround inspection
check signal lights
start the engine and check
7
Q
inspection during a trip
A
Check Vehicle Operation Regularly You should check: Instruments. Air pressure gauge (if you have air brakes). Temperature gauges. Pressure gauges. Ammeter/voltmeter. Mirrors. Tires. Cargo, cargo covers. Lights, etc If you see, hear, smell, or feel anything that might mean trouble, check it out. Safety Inspection. Drivers of trucks and truck tractors when transporting cargo must inspect the securement of the cargo within the first 50 miles of a trip and every 150 miles or every three hours (whichever comes first) after.
8
Q
accelerating
A
9
Q
steering
A
Hold the steering wheel firmly with both hands. Your hands should be on opposite sides of the wheel. If you hit a curb or a pothole (chuckhole), the wheel could pull away from your hands unless you have a firm hold.
10
Q
stopping
A
11
Q
backing safely
A
start in the proper postition
look at your path
use mirrors on both sides
back slowly
back and turn towards the driver side
use a helper
12
Q
manual transmission
A
basic method for shifting up
knowing when to shfit up
use engine speed (rpm) and road speed
basic procedure for shifting down
special conditions where you should downshift
before staring down a hill.
downshift before staring down the hill
before entering a curve
13
Q
multi speed rear axles and auxillary transmission
A
14
Q
automatic transmission
A
15
Q
retarders
A
16
Q
seeing ahead
A
importance of looking far enough ahead
how far ahead to look
17
Q
seeing to the sides and rears
A
mirror adjustments
regular checks
traffic
check your vehicle
special situations
lane changes
turns
merges
tight maneuvers
how to use mirrors
18
Q
signal your intentions
A
turns
lane changes
slowing down
trouble ahead
tight turns
stopping on the road
driving slowly
dont direct traffic
19
Q
communicating your presence
A
when passing
when its hard to see
when parked at the side of the road
20
Q
stopping distance
A
perception distance
reaction distance
braking distance
total stopping distance
the effect on speed on stopping distance
the effect on vehicle weight on stopping distance
21
Q
matching speed to the road surface
A
slippery surfaces
identifying slippery surfaces
shaded areas
bridges
melting ice
black ice
vehicle icing
just after rain begins
hydroplaning
22
Q
speed and curves
A
Drivers must adjust their speed for curves in the road. If you take a curve too fast, two things can happen. The tires can lose their traction and continue straight ahead, so you skid off the road. Or, the tires may keep their traction and the vehicle rolls over. Tests have shown that trucks with a high center of gravity can roll over at the posted speed limit for a curve. Slow to a safe speed before you enter a curve. Braking in a curve is dangerous because it is easier to lock the wheels and cause a skid. Slow down as needed. Don’t ever exceed the posted speed limit for the curve. Be in a gear that will let you accelerate slightly in the curve. This will help you keep control.
23
Q
speed and dsitance ahead
A
24
Q
speed and traffic flow
A
When you’re driving in heavy traffic, the safest speed is the speed of other vehicles. Vehicles going the same direction at the same speed are not likely to run into one another. In many states, speed limits are lower for trucks and buses than for cars. It can vary as much as 15 mph. Use extra caution when you change lanes or pass on these roadways. Drive at the speed of the traffic, if you can without going at an illegal or unsafe speed. Keep a safe following distance. The main reason drivers exceed speed limits is to save time. But, anyone trying to drive faster than the speed of traffic will not be able to save much time. The risks involved are not worth it. If you go faster than the speed of other traffic, you’ll have to keep passing other vehicles. This increases the chance of a crash, and it is more tiring. Fatigue increases the chance of a crash. Going with the flow of traffic is safer and easier.
25
speed on downgrades
Your vehicle's speed will increase on downgrades because of gravity. Your most important objective is to select and maintain a speed that is not too fast for the: Total weight of the vehicle and cargo. Length of the grade. Steepness of the grade. Road conditions. Weather. If a speed limit is posted, or there is a sign indicating "Maximum Safe Speed," never exceed the speed shown. Also, look for and heed warning signs indicating the length and steepness of the grade. You must use the braking effect of the engine as the principal way of controlling your speed on downgrades. The braking effect of the engine is greatest when it is near the governed rpms and the transmission is in the lower gears. Save your brakes so you will be able to slow or stop as required by road and traffic conditions. Shift your transmission to a low gear before starting down the grade and use the proper braking techniques. Please read carefully the section on going down long, steep downgrades safely in "Mountain Driving."
26
roadway work zones
27
space ahead
the need for space ahead
how much space?
28
space behind
dealing with tailgaters safely
avoid quick changes
increase your following distance
dont speed up
avoid tricks
29
space to the sides
staying centered in a lane
traveling next to others
strong winds
30
Many drivers forget about the space under their vehicles. That space can be very small when a vehicle is heavily loaded. This is often a problem on dirt roads and in unpaved yards. Don't take a chance on getting hung up. Drainage channels across roads can cause the ends of some vehicles to drag. Cross such depressions carefully. Railroad tracks can also cause problems, particularly when pulling trailers with a low underneath clearance. Don’t take a chance on getting hung up halfway across.
31
space overhead
Hitting overhead objects is a danger. Make sure you always have overhead clearance. Don't assume that the heights posted at bridges and overpasses are correct. Re-paving or packed snow may have reduced the clearances since the heights were posted. The weight of a cargo van changes its height. An empty van is higher than a loaded one. That you got under a bridge when you were loaded does not mean that you can do it when you are empty. If you doubt you have safe space to pass under an object, go slowly. If you aren't sure you can make it, take another route. Warnings are often posted on low bridges or underpasses, but sometimes they are not. Some roads can cause a vehicle to tilt. There can be a problem clearing objects along the edge of the road, such as signs, trees, or bridge supports. Where this is a problem, drive a little closer to the center of the road. Before you back into an area, get out and check for overhanging objects such as trees, branches, or electric wires. It's easy to miss seeing them while you are backing. (Also check for other hazards at the same time.)
32
space for turns
right turns
left turns
33
space needed to cross or enter traffic
34
importance of seeing hazards
what is a hazard
seeing hazards lets you be prepared
learning to see hazards
35
hazardoes roads
work zones
drop off
foreign objects
off ramps/on ramps
36
drivers who are hazardous
blocked vision
vehicles may be hidden by blind intersections or alleys
delivery trucks can present a hazard
parked vehicles can be hazards
pedestrians and byciclist can be hazards
talkers
workers
ice cream trucks
disabled vehicles
accidents
shoppers
confused drivers
slow drivers
drivers signaling a turn may be a hazrd
drivers in a hurry
impaired drivers
driver body movement as a clue
37
You should always be looking for hazards. Continue to learn to see hazards on the road. However, don't forget why you are looking for the hazards--they may turn into emergencies. You look for the hazards in order to have time to plan a way out of any emergency. When you see a hazard, think about the emergencies that could develop and figure out what you would do. Always be prepared to take action based on your plans. In this way, you will be a prepared, defensive driver who will improve your own safety as well as the safety of all road users.
38
the distracted driving crash problem
The Large Truck Crash Causation Study (LTCCS) reported that 8 percent of large-truck crashes occurred when Commercial Motor Vehicle (CMV) drivers were externally distracted and 2 percent of large truck crashes occurred when the driver was internally distracted. Approximately 5,500 people are killed each year on U.S. roadways and an estimated 448,000 are injured in motor vehicle crashes involving distracted driving (NHTSA Traffic Safety Facts: Distracted Driving). Research indicates that the burden of talking on a cell phone - even if it's hands-free - saps the brain of 39% of the energy it would ordinarily devote to safe driving. Drivers who use a hand-held device are more likely to get into a crash serious enough to cause injury
39
space overhead
Hitting overhead objects is a danger. Make sure you always have overhead clearance. Don't assume that the heights posted at bridges and overpasses are correct. Re-paving or packed snow may have reduced the clearances since the heights were posted. The weight of a cargo van changes its height. An empty van is higher than a loaded one. That you got under a bridge when you were loaded does not mean that you can do it when you are empty. If you doubt you have safe space to pass under an object, go slowly. If you aren't sure you can make it, take another route. Warnings are often posted on low bridges or underpasses, but sometimes they are not. Some roads can cause a vehicle to tilt. There can be a problem clearing objects along the edge of the road, such as signs, trees, or bridge supports. Where this is a problem, drive a little closer to the center of the road. Before you back into an area, get out and check for overhanging objects such as trees, branches, or electric wires. It's easy to miss seeing them while you are backing. (Also check for other hazards at the same time.)
40
types of distractions
physical distraction
mental distraction
both physical and mental distraction
41
49 CFR Part 383, 384, 390, 391 and 392 of the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Regulations (FMCSRs) and the Hazardous Materials Regulations (HMR) restricts the use of hand-held mobile telephones by drivers of commercial motor vehicles (CMVs); and implements new driver disqualification sanctions for drivers of CMVs who fail to comply with this Federal restriction; or who have multiple convictions for violating a State or local law or ordinance on motor vehicle traffic control that restricts the use of hand-held mobile telephones. Additionally, motor carriers are prohibited from requiring or allowing drivers of CMVs to use hand-held mobile telephones. The use of hand-held mobile telephones means, ‘‘using at least one hand to hold a mobile telephone to conduct a voice communication; “dialing a mobile telephone by pressing more than a single button”; or “moving from a seated driving position while restrained by a seat belt to reach for a mobile telephone”. If you choose to use a mobile phone while operating a CMV, you may only use a hands free mobile phone that is located close to you and that can be operated in compliance with the rule to conduct a voice communication. Your CDL will be disqualified after two or more convictions of any state law on hand-held mobile telephone use while operating a CMV. Disqualification is 60 days for the second offense within 3 years, and 120 days for three or more offenses within 3 years. In addition, the first and each subsequent violation of such a prohibition are subject to civil penalties imposed on such drivers, in an amount up to $2,750. Motor carriers must not allow nor require drivers to use a hand-held mobile telephone while driving. Employers may also be subject to civil penalties in an amount up to $11,000. There is an emergency exception that allows you to use your hand-held mobile telephones if necessary to communicate with law enforcement officials or other emergency services. Research shows that the odds of being involved in a safetycritical event (e.g., crash, near-crash, unintentional lane deviation) is 6 times greater for CMV drivers who engage in dialing a mobile telephone while driving than for those who do not. Dialing drivers took their eyes off the forward roadway for an average of 3.8 seconds. At 55 mph (or 80.7 feet per second), this equates to a driver traveling 306 feet, the approximate length of a football field, without looking at the roadway. Your primary responsibility is to operate a motor vehicle safely. To do this, you must focus your full attention on the driving task. Note that hands-free devices are no less likely than handheld cell phones to cause you to become distracted. Attention is diverted from the driving task while using either device.
42
texting
43
dont drive distracted
Your goal should be to eliminate all in-vehicle distractions before driving begins. Accomplishing this goal can be done by: Assessing all potential in-vehicle distractions before driving Developing a preventative plan to reduce/eliminate possible distractions Expecting distractions to occur Discussing possible scenarios before getting behind the wheel Based on the assessment of potential distractions, you can formulate a preventative plan to reduce/eliminate possible distractions. If drivers react a half-second slower because of distractions, crashes double. Some tips to follow so you won’t become distracted: Turn off all communication devices. If you must use a mobile phone, make sure it is within close proximity, that it is operable while you are restrained, use an earpiece or the speaker phone function, use voiceactivated dialing; or use the hands-free feature. Drivers are not in compliance if they unsafely reach for a mobile phone, even if they intend to use the hands-free function. Do not type or read a text message on a mobile device while driving. Familiarize yourself with your vehicle’s features and equipment, before you get behind the wheel. Adjust all vehicle controls and mirrors to your preferences prior to driving. Pre-program radio stations and pre-load your favorite CDs. Clear the vehicle of any unnecessary objects and secure cargo. Review maps, program the GPS and plan your route before you begin driving. Don’t attempt to read or write while you drive. Avoid smoking, eating and drinking while you drive. Leave early to allow yourself time to stop to eat. Don’t engage in complex or emotionally intense conversations with other occupants. Secure commitment from other occupants to behave responsibly and to support the driver in reducing distractions
44
effects of distracted driving
Effects of distracted driving include slowed perception, which may cause you to be delayed in perceiving or completely fail to perceive an important traffic event; delayed decision making and improper action, which can cause you to be delayed in taking the proper action or make incorrect inputs to the steering, accelerator or brakes.
45
watch out for other distracted drivers
46
what is it?
47
dont be an aggresive driver
48
what should you do when confronted by an angry driver?
First and foremost, make every attempt to get out of their way. Put your pride in the back seat. Do not challenge them by speeding up or attempting to hold-your-own in your travel lane. Avoid eye contact. Ignore gestures and refuse to react to them. Report aggressive drivers to the appropriate authorities by providing a vehicle description, license number, location and, if possible, direction of travel. If you have a cell phone, and can do it safely, call the police. If an aggressive driver is involved in a crash farther down the road, stop a safe distance from the crash scene, wait for the police to arrive, and report the driving behavior that you witnessed.
49
roadway factors
50
driver factors
vision
glare
fatigue and lack of alertness
at risk groups
warning signs of fatigue
are you at risk
preventing drowsiness before a trip
maintaining alertness before you drive
51
night driving procedures
vehicle procedures
avoid blinding others
avoid glare from oncoming vehicles
use high beams when you can
if you get sleepy stop at nearest safe place
52
vehicle factors
turn signals and brake lights
windshield and mirrors
53
driving in fog
54
vehicle checks
coolant level and antifreeze amount
defrosting and heating equipment
wipers and washers
tires
tire chains
lights and reflectors
wondows and mirrors
hand holds, steps, and deck plates
radiotor shutters and winterfront
exhasut system
55
driving
slippery surfaces
start gently and slowly
check for ice
adjust turning and braking to conditions
adjust speed to conditions'
56
vehicle checks
tires
engine oil
engine coolant
engine belts
hoses
57
driving
watch for bleeding tar
go slowly enough to prevent overheating
58
You are at greater risk when you drive at night. Drivers can't see hazards as quickly as in daylight, so they have less time to respond. Drivers caught by surprise are less able to avoid a crash. The problems of night driving involve the driver, the roadway, and the vehicle.
59
types of crossing
passive crossing
60
warning signs and devices
advance warning signs
pavement markings
cross buck signs
flashing red light signal
gates
61
driving procedure
never race a train to a crossing
reduce speed
dont expect to hear a train
dont rely on signals
double tracks require a double check
yard areas and grade crossings in cities and towns
62
stopping safely at railroad highway crossings
63
crossing the tracks
64
special situations
65
SELECT A "SAFE" SPEED
Your most important consideration is to select a speed that is not too fast for the: Total weight of the vehicle and cargo. Length of the grade. Steepness of the grade. Road conditions. Weather. If a speed limit is posted, or there is a sign indicating "Maximum Safe Speed," never exceed the speed shown. Also, look for and heed warning signs indicating the length and steepness of the grade. You must use the braking effect of the engine as the principal way of controlling your speed. The braking effect of the engine is greatest when it is near the governed rpms and the transmission is in the lower gears. Save your brakes so you will be able to slow or stop as required by road and traffic conditions.
66
SLECT THE RIGHT GEAR BEFORE STARTING DOWN THE GRADE
Shift the transmission to a low gear before starting down the grade. Do not try to downshift after your speed has already built up. You will not be able to shift into a lower gear. You may not even be able to get back into any gear and all engine braking effect will be lost. Forcing an automatic transmission into a lower gear at high speed could damage the transmission and also lead to loss of all engine braking effect. With older trucks, a rule for choosing gears is to use the same gear going down a hill that you would need to climb the hill. However, new trucks have low friction parts and streamlined shapes for fuel economy. They may also have more powerful engines. This means they can go up hills in higher gears and have less friction and air drag to hold them back going down hills. For that reason, drivers of modern trucks may have to use lower gears going down a hill than would be required to go up the hill. You should know what is right for your vehicle
67
BRAKE FADING OR FAILURE
Brakes are designed so brake shoes or pads rub against the brake drum or disks to slow the vehicle. Braking creates heat, but brakes are designed to take a lot of heat. However, brakes can fade or fail from excessive heat caused by using them too much and not relying on the engine braking effect. Brake fade is also affected by adjustment. To safely control a vehicle, every brake must do its share of the work. Brakes out of adjustment will stop doing their share before those that are in adjustment. The other brakes can then overheat and fade, and there will not be enough braking available to control the vehicle. Brakes can get out of adjustment quickly, especially when they are used a lot; also, brake linings wear faster when they are hot. Therefore, brake adjustment must be checked frequently.
68
PROPER BRAKING TECHNIQUE
Remember. The use of brakes on a long and/or steep downgrade is only a supplement to the braking effect of the engine. Once the vehicle is in the proper low gear, the following are the proper braking techniques: Apply the brakes just hard enough to feel a definite slowdown. When your speed has been reduced to approximately five mph below your "safe" speed, release the brakes. (This brake application should last for about three seconds.) When your speed has increased to your "safe" speed, repeat steps 1 and 2. For example, if your "safe" speed is 40 mph, you would not apply the brakes until your speed reaches 40 mph. You now apply the brakes hard enough to gradually reduce your speed to 35 mph and then release the brakes. Repeat this Commercial Driver License Manual - 2019 CDL Testing System Section 2 - Driving Safely Page 45 (08/01/19) as often as necessary until you have reached the end of the downgrade. Escape ramps have been built on many steep mountain downgrades. Escape ramps are made to stop runaway vehicles safely without injuring drivers and passengers. Escape ramps use a long bed of loose, soft material to slow a runaway vehicle, sometimes in combination with an upgrade. Know escape ramp locations on your route. Signs show drivers where ramp are located. Escape ramps save lives, equipment and cargo.
69
STEERING TO AVOID A CRASH
KEEP BOTH HANDS ON THE STEERING WHEEL
HOW TO TURN QUICKLY AND SAFELY
WHERE TO STEER
LEAVING THE ROAD
AVOID BRAKING
KEEP ONE SET OF WHEELS ON THE PAVEMENT, IF POSSIBLE
STAY ON THE SHOULDER
RETURNING TO THE ROAD
70
HOW TO STOP QUICKLY AND SAFELY
CONTROLLED BRAKING
STAB BRAKING
DONT JAM ON THE BRAKES
71
BRAKE FAILURE
LOSS OF HYDRAULIC PRESSURE
DOWNSHIFT
PUMP THE BRAKES
USE THE PARKING BRAKE
FIND AN ESCAPE ROUTE
BRAKE FAILURE ON DOWNGRADES
72
TIRE FAILURE
SOUND
VIBRATION
FEEL
RESPOND TO TIRE FAILURE
HOLD THE STEERING WHEEL FIRMLY
STAY OFF THE BRAKE
CHECK THE TIRES
73
ANTI LOCK BRAKING SYSTEM
ABS is a computerized system that keeps your wheels from locking up during hard brake applications. ABS is an addition to your normal brakes. It does not decrease or increase your normal braking capability. ABS only activates when wheels are about to lock up. ABS does not necessarily shorten your stopping distance, but it does help you keep the vehicle under control during hard braking.
74
HOW ANTILOCK BRAKING SYSTEMS WORK
Sensors detect potential wheel lock up. An electronic control unit (ECU) will then decrease brake pressure to avoid wheel lockup. Brake pressure is adjusted to provide the maximum braking without danger of lockup. ABS works far faster than the driver can respond to potential wheel lockup. At all other times the brake system will operate normally.
75
VEHICLES REQUIRED TO HAVE ANTI LOCK BRAKING SYSTEMS
The Department of Transportation requires that ABS be on: Truck tractors with air brakes built on or after March 1, 1997. Other air brake vehicles, (trucks, buses, trailers, and converter dollies) built on or after March 1, 1998. Hydraulically braked trucks and buses with a gross vehicle weight rating of 10,000 lbs or more built on or after March 1, 1999. Many commercial vehicles built before these dates have been voluntarily equipped with ABS.
76
HOW ABS HELPS YOU
When you brake hard on slippery surfaces in a vehicle without ABS, your wheels may lock up. When your steering wheels lock up, you lose steering control. When your other wheels lock up, you may skid, jackknife, or even spin the vehicle. ABS helps you avoid wheel lock up and maintain control. You may or may not be able to stop faster with ABS, but you should be able to steer around an obstacle while braking, and avoid skids caused by over braking.
77
ABS ON THE TRACTOR ONLY OR ONLY ON THE TRAILER
Having ABS on only the tractor, only the trailer, or even on only one axle, still gives you more control over the vehicle during braking. Brake normally. When only the tractor has ABS, you should be able to maintain steering control, and there is less chance of jackknifing. But keep your eye on the trailer and let up on the brakes (if you can safely do so) if it begins to swing out. When only the trailer has ABS, the trailer is less likely to swing out, but if you lose steering control or start a tractor jackknife, let up on the brakes (if you can safely do so) until you regain control.
78
BRAKING WITH ABS
When you drive a vehicle with ABS, you should brake as you always have. In other words: Use only the braking force necessary to stop safely and stay in control. Brake the same way, regardless of whether you have ABS on the bus, tractor, the trailer, or both. As you slow down, monitor your tractor and trailer and back off the brakes (if it is safe to do so) to stay in control. There is only one exception to this procedure. If you drive a straight truck or combination with working ABS on all axles, in an emergency stop, you can fully apply the brakes.
79
BRAKING IF ABS IS NOT WORKING
Without ABS you still have normal brake functions. Drive and brake as you always have. Vehicles with ABS have yellow malfunction lamps to tell you if something isn’t working. As a system check on newer vehicles, the malfunction lamp comes on at start-up for a bulb check and then goes out quickly. On older systems, the lamp could stay on until you are driving over five mph. Commercial Driver License Manual - 2019 CDL Testing System Page 48 Section 2 - Driving Safely (08/01/19) If the lamp stays on after the bulb check, or goes on once you are under way, you may have lost ABS control on one or more wheels. Remember, if your ABS malfunctions, you still have regular brakes. Drive normally, but get the system serviced soon.
80
HOW TO KNOW IF YOUR VEHICLE IS EQUIPED WITH ABS
Tractors, trucks, and buses will have yellow ABS malfunction lamps on the instrument panel. Trailers will have yellow ABS malfunction lamps on the left side, either on the front or rear corner. Dollies manufactured on or after March 1, 1998, are required to have a lamp on the left side. As a system check on newer vehicles, the malfunction lamp comes on at start-up for a bulb check, and then goes out quickly. On older systems, the lamp could stay on until you are driving over five mph. If the lamp stays on after the bulb check, or goes on once you are under way, you may have lost ABS control. In the case of towed units manufactured before it was required by the Department of Transportation, it may be difficult to tell if the unit is equipped with ABS. Look under the vehicle for the ECU and wheel speed sensor wires coming from the back of the brakes.
81
SAFETY REMINDERS
ABS WONT ALLOW YOU DRIVE FASTER
ABS WONT PREVENT POWER OR TURNING SKIDS
ABS WONT NECESSARILY SHORTEN STOPPING DISTANCE
ABS WONT INCREASE OR DECREASE ULTIMATE STOPPING POWER
ABS WONT CHANGE THE WAY YOU NORMALLY BRAKE
82
SKID CONTROL AND RECOVERY
OVER BRAKING
OVER STEERING
OVER ACCELERATION
DRIVING TOO FAST
83
DRIVE WHEEL SKIDS
By far the most common skid is one in which the rear wheels lose traction through excessive braking or acceleration. Skids caused by acceleration usually happen on ice or snow. Taking your foot off the accelerator can easily stop them. (If it is very slippery, push the clutch in. Otherwise, the engine can keep the wheels from rolling freely and regaining traction.) Rear wheel braking skids occur when the rear drive wheels lock. Because locked wheels have less traction than rolling wheels, the rear wheels usually slide sideways in an attempt to "catch up" with the front wheels. In a bus or straight truck, the vehicle will slide sideways in a "spin out." With vehicles towing trailers, a drive-wheel skid can let the trailer push the towing vehicle sideways, causing a sudden jackknife. See Figure 2.19.
84
PROTECT THE AREA
The first thing to do at an accident scene is to keep another accident from happening in the same spot. To protect the accident area: If your vehicle is involved in the accident, try to get it to the side of the road. This will help prevent another accident and allow traffic to move. If you're stopping to help, park away from the accident. The area immediately around the accident will be needed for emergency vehicles. Put on your flashers. Set out reflective triangles to warn other traffic. Make sure other drivers can see them in time to avoid the accident
85
FRONT WHEEL SKIDS
Driving too fast for conditions causes most front-wheel skids. Other causes include lack of tread on the front tires and cargo loaded so not enough weight is on the front axle. In a front-wheel skid, the front end tends to go in a straight line regardless of how much you turn the steering wheel. On a very slippery surface, you may not be able to steer around a curve or turn. When a front-wheel skid occurs, the only way to stop the skid is to let the vehicle slow down. Stop turning and/or braking so hard. Slow down as quickly as possible without skidding.
86
NOTIFY AUTHORITIES
If you have a cell phone or CB, call for assistance before you get out of your vehicle. If not, wait until after the accident scene has been properly protected, then phone or send someone to phone the police. Try to determine where you are so you can give the exact location.
87
CORRECTING A DRIVE WHEEL BRAKING SKID
Do the following to correct a drive-wheel braking skid. Stop Braking. This will let the rear wheels roll again, and keep the rear wheels from sliding. Counter-steer. As a vehicle turns back on course, it has a tendency to keep on turning. Unless you turn the steering wheel quickly the other way, you may find yourself skidding in the opposite direction. Learning to stay off the brake, turn the steering wheel quickly, push in the clutch, and counter-steer in a skid takes a lot of practice. The best place to get this practice is on a large driving range or "skid pad."
88
CARE FOR THE INJURED
If a qualified person is at the accident and helping the injured, stay out of the way unless asked to assist. Otherwise, do the best you can to help any injured parties. Here are some simple steps to follow in giving assistance: Don't move a severely injured person unless the danger of fire or passing traffic makes it necessary. Stop heavy bleeding by applying direct pressure to the wound. Keep the injured person warm.
89
OTHER DRUGS
Besides alcohol, other legal and illegal drugs are being used more often. Laws prohibit possession or use of many drugs while on duty. They prohibit being under the influence of any "controlled substance," amphetamines (including "pep pills," “uppers,” and "bennies"), narcotics, or any other substance, which can make the driver unsafe. This could include a variety of prescription and over-the-counter drugs (cold medicines), which may make the driver drowsy or otherwise affect safe driving ability. However, possession and use of a drug given to a driver by a doctor is permitted if the doctor informs the driver that it will not affect safe driving ability. Pay attention to warning labels for legitimate drugs and medicines, and to doctor's orders regarding possible effects. Stay away from illegal drugs. Don't use any drug that hides fatigue--the only cure for fatigue is rest. Alcohol can make the effects of other drugs much worse. The safest rule is don't mix drugs with driving at all. Commercial Driver License Manual - 2019 CDL Testing System Section 2 - Driving Safely Page 53 (08/01/19) Use of drugs can lead to traffic accidents resulting in death, injury, and property damage. Furthermore, it can lead to arrest, fines, and jail sentences. It can also mean the end of a person's driving career.
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ALCOHOL AND DRIVING
HOW ALCHOL WORKS
WHAT DETERMINES BLOOD ALCOHOL CONCENTRAION
ALCOHOL AND THE BRAIN
91
FIRE FIGHTING
PULL OFF THE ROAD
KEEP THE FIRE FROM SPREADING
WITH AN ENGINE FIRE
FOR A CARGO FIRE IN A VAN OR BOX TRAILER
EXTINGUISH THE FIRE
USE THE RIGHT FIRE EXTINGUISHER
92
FIRE PREVENTION
VEHICLE INSPECTION
EN ROUTE INSPECTION
FOLLOW SAFE PROCEDURES
MONITORING
CAUTION
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CAUSES OF FIRE
AFTER ACCIDENTS
TIRES
ELECTRICAL SYSTEM
FUEL
CARGO
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ILLNESS
Once in a while, you may become so ill that you cannot operate a motor vehicle safely. If this happens to you, you must not drive. However, in case of an emergency, you may drive to the nearest place where you can safely stop.
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WHAT ARE HAZARDOUS MATERIALS
Hazardous materials are products that pose a risk to health, safety, and property during transportation. See Figure 2.24.
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WHY ARE THERE RULE?
TO CONTAIN THE PRODUCT
TO COMMUNICATE THE RISK
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LIST OF REGULATED PRODUCTS
IDENTIFACTION NUMBERS
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DRIVING SAFELY AROUND BUSES
The driver of a motor vehicle upon any highway, road, or street, upon meeting or overtaking from either direction any school bus that has stopped, shall stop the vehicle at least twenty feet (20) before reaching the school bus if visual signal lights have been actuated. The driver shall not proceed until the visual signal lights are no longer being actuated. Additionally, the driver of a motor vehicle shall also stop when a school bus that is not required to be equipped with visual signal lights stops to receive or discharge children. A driver of any school bus who observes a violation of this shall notify the driver’s school district transportation dispatcher with the color, basic description, and license plate number of the vehicle involved in the violation, information pertaining to the identity of the alleged violator, and the time and approximate location at which the violation occurred. Figure 2.26 Commercial Driver License Manual - 2019 CDL Testing System Section 2 - Driving Safely Page 55 (08/01/19) S
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