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Psyc 233 - Personality > Section 2 (Ch. 3 & 4) > Flashcards

Section 2 (Ch. 3 & 4) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two ways traits are seen?

A
  1. As internal, causal.

2. Describe expressed behaviour.

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2
Q

Lexical Approach

A

Approach to determining fundamental personality traits by analyzing language.

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3
Q

Statistical Approach

A

Having a large number of people rate themselves on certain items, then employ a statistical procedure to identify large groups of items that go together.

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4
Q

Theoretical Approach

A

Start with a theory, determines which variables are important.

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5
Q

Lexical Hypothesis

A

All important individual differences have become encoded within the natural language - important differences between people noticed and words were invented to communicate.

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6
Q

Synonym Frequency

A

If an attribute has more than one or two adjectives to describe it, it is a more important dimension of individual differences.

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7
Q

Cross-Cultural Universality

A

If trait is important in other cultures, it will have terms in their language to describe it - universally important in human affairs.

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8
Q

Factor Analysis

A

Most commonly used statistical procedure. Identifies groups of items that correlate with each other.

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9
Q

Factor Loading

A

Indexes of how much of the variation in an item is explained by the factor.

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10
Q

Sociosexual Orientation

A

Men and women will pursue one of two alternative sexual relationship strategies. Mating or promiscuity.

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11
Q

Interpersonal Traits

A

What people do to and with each other, temperament, character, material, attitude, mental, physical.

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12
Q

Agency

A

Tendency towards dominance, competence, assertiveness; get ahead.

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13
Q

Communion

A

Interpersonal relatedness, warmth, caring behaviour; get along.

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14
Q

Adjacency

A

How close the traits are to each other on the circumference of the circumplex. Next to each - positively correlated.

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15
Q

Bipolarity

A

Traits located at opposite sides of the circle are negatively correlated with each other.

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16
Q

Orthogonality

A

Traits that are perpendicular to each other, are unrelated. Zero correlation.

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17
Q

Five-Factor Model

A

Roots in lexical hypothesis. OCEAN.

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18
Q

Conscientiousness

A

Responsible, scrupulous, preserving, fussy/tidy.

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19
Q

Neuroticism (Emotional Instability)

A

Moody, touchy, irritable, anxious, unstable, pessimistic, complaining.

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20
Q

Personality-Descriptive Nouns

A

Nouns differ in their content emphases from personality taxonomies based on adjectives and may be more precise.

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21
Q

HEXACO Model

A

Recently proposed taxonomy of personality, 6 key traits.

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22
Q

Dark Triad

A

Cluster of malevolent and socially problematic personality traits. Machiavellianism, narcissism, subclinical psychopathy.

23
Q

Machiavellianism

A

Tendency to be cunning, deceptive, exploitative, manipulative in interpersonal relationships in order to advocate self-interest.

24
Q

Narcissism

A

Grandiosity, entitlement, superiority, frequent excessive attention-seeking behaviour.

25
Q

Subclinical Psychopathy

A

High impulsivity, and thrill-seeking behaviour, low empathy, anxiety.

26
Q

Dispositional Sadism

A

Tendency to gain enjoyment from hurting others. (Dark Tetrad).

27
Q

Differential Psychology

A

The name sometimes given to trait psychology - differences between people.

28
Q

Consistency

A

Assume there is a degree of consistency in personality over time.

29
Q

Rank Order

A

Maintaining one’s relative position within a group over time.

30
Q

Situationism

A

Situational differences, rather than underlying personality traits, determine behaviour.

31
Q

Person-Situation Interaction

A

One has to take into account both particular situations and personality traits when understanding a behaviour.

32
Q

Aggregation

A

Adding up or averaging several single observations, resulting in a better measure of a personality trait than a single observation of behaviour.

33
Q

Situational Specificity

A

The view that behaviour is determined by aspects of the situation, such as reward contingencies.

34
Q

Strong Situation

A

Certain situations that prompt similar behaviour from everyone. Weak/ambiguous allow more personality to influence behaviour

35
Q

Situational Selection

A

The tendency to choose or select situations in which one finds oneself.

36
Q

Evocation

A

Certain personality traits may elicit consistent responses from the environment.

37
Q

Density Distribution of States

A

The idea that distributions of states in a person’s life over time, and the mean of that distribution is the person’s level of that trait.

38
Q

Infrequency Scale

A

Contains items that most or all people will answer in a particular way - helps with validity.

39
Q

Barnum Statements

A

Generalities or comments that could apply to anyone.

40
Q

Integrity Tests

A

Questionnaires to asses whether a person is generally honest or dishonest.

41
Q

Negligent Hiring

A

Charges against employers for hiring someone who is unstable.

42
Q

Disparate Impact

A

Any employment practice that disadvantages people from a protected group.

43
Q

Race or Gender Norming

A

Activites that involve developing different standards for different ethnic groups or genders based on data obtained from large samples of people.

44
Q

Myers-Briggs Type Indicator

A

Most widely used personality test in business. Jungian concepts. Testing 8 fundamental preferences using forced choice questions.

45
Q

Psychological Types

A

People come in distinct categories of personality.

46
Q

Hogan Personality Inventory

A

Questionnaire measure of personality based on the Big Five. Get along or get ahead.

47
Q

Personality Traits

A

Relatively enduring patterns of thoughts, feelings, behaviours that distinguish individuals from one another.

48
Q

Act Frequency Approach

A

Personality traits are viewed as categories of specific acts or behaviours.

49
Q

Cattell

A

16 personality factor system.

Factor analysis.

50
Q

Eysenck’s Hierarchical Model of Personality

A

PEN

51
Q

Circumplex Taxonomies of Personality

A

Interpersonal traits (social interaction) across dominance and warmth.

52
Q

Five-Factor Model

A

OCEAN

53
Q

HEXACO

A

Honesty, emotional stability, extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, openness to experience.

Psyc 233 - Personality (4 decks)

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