Section 2 - Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland

Question 1

Where is the hypothalamus located?

Answer 1

Hypothalamus is located above the pituitary gland, and is located in the brain.

Question 2

What does the hypothalamus do?

Answer 2

Receives information and acts on the pituitary gland in order to secrete hormones to help maintain homeostasis.

Question 3

What is the hypothalamus apart of?

Answer 3

Part of the diencephalon and is encapsulated by the sella turcica (bone). Consists of hypothalamic nuclei. Most important ones are paraventricular nucleus and supraoptic nucleus.

Question 4

What is the diencephalon?

Answer 4

Acts as a primary relay and processing center for sensory information and autonomic control

Question 5

Anterior lobe of the pituitary?

Answer 5

adenohypophysis

Question 6

Posterior lobe of the pituitary?

Answer 6

neurohypophysis

Question 7

Where is the pituitary gland located?

Answer 7

Sella turcica of sphenoid bone

Question 8

Where is the hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system found?

Answer 8

Found in the anterior pituitary and links the anterior pituitary to the hypothalamus

Question 9

Hypothalamic nuclei?

paraventricular nucleus, supraoptic nucleus

Answer 9

Makes up the hypothalamus. There are other nuclei as well but these are the two that secrete things.

Paraventricular moves into posterior and secretes while supraoptic nucleus secretes into hypophyseal portal system.

Question 10

Hypothalamic neurosecretory cells

Answer 10

secrete hormones that helps activate cells

Question 11

Thyrotropes (thyrotrophs)

Answer 11

releases TSH. Found in the anterior pituitary gland.

Question 12

Corticotropes (corticotrophs)

Answer 12

releases ACTH. Found in the anterior pituitary gland.

Question 13

Somatotropes (somatotrophs)

Answer 13

releases GH. Found in the anterior pituitary gland.

Question 14

Lactotropes (lactotrophs)

Answer 14

releases prolactin. Found in the anterior pituitary gland.

Question 15

Gonadotropes (gonadotrophs)

Answer 15

releases FSH and LH. Found in the anterior pituitary gland.

Question 16

Non-hormone producing cells of the pituitary (null cells, connective tissue cells, etc) …

Answer 16

mainly support cells

Question 17

What are the two types of diabetes?

Answer 17

Neurogenic (central) and Nephrogenic

Question 18

Neurogenic (central) diabetes insipidus

Answer 18

lack of ADH production in the brain

Question 19

Pathophysiology of neurogenic diabetes

Answer 19

lack of ADH production in the posterior pituitary gland

Question 20

Etiology (causes) of neurogenic diabetes

Answer 20

problem in the hypothalamus or something preventing the release from pituitary gland

Question 21

Treatment of neurogenic diabetes

Answer 21

• ADH analogs

- Desmopressin (DDAVP)

Question 22

Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus

Answer 22

ADH not working on kidneys

Question 23

Pathophysiology of nephrogenic diabetes

Answer 23

Kidneys are unresponsive to ADH even though there is normal amount of secretion

Question 24

Etiology of nephrogenic diabetes

Answer 24

Polycystic kidney disease or malfunction in receptors

Question 25

Clinical manifestations of nephrogenic diabetes

Answer 25

dilute and tasteless urine

Question 26

Treatment of nephrogenic diabetes

Answer 26

Thiazide diuretics

Question 27

Primary polydipsia (dipsogenic diabetes insipidus)

Answer 27

drinking a bunch of water due to mental issues

Question 28

Pathophysiology of primary polydipsia

Answer 28

decrease in blood osmolarity

Question 29

Etiology of primary polydipsia

Answer 29

schizophrenic patients

Question 30

Treatment of primary polydipsia

Answer 30

therapy

Question 31

Acromegaly

Answer 31

hormonal disorder that develops when your pituitary gland produces too much growth hormone during adulthood

Question 32

Pathophysiology of acromegaly

Answer 32

excess growth hormone

Question 33

Etiology of acromegaly

Answer 33

pituitary adenoma, congenital syndrome, specifically multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (werner) syndrome

Question 34

Clinical manifestations of acromegaly

Answer 34

- adults having large hands, feet, and face - protrusion of forehead - swelling in hands, feet, face, and tongue - carpal tunnel syndrome - gastrointestinal cancers - excessive sweating

Question 35

Dental aspects of acromegaly

Answer 35

- Macroglossia with indentation on lateral borders - Prognathic mandible - Malocclusion - Spacing in the teeth - Thick lips - Salivary gland enlargement - Thickening and folding of facial skin - Enlarged nasal sinuses

Question 36

Treatment of acromegaly

Answer 36

Octreotide, pevisomant (blocks GH receptors)

Question 37

Pituitary gigantism

Answer 37

refers to growth hormone (GH) excess that occurs before fusion of the epiphyseal growth plates. Therefore, by definition, the condition is only seen in growing children.

Question 38

Pathophysiology of pituitary gigantism

Answer 38

excess growth hormone

Question 39

Etiology of pituitary gigantism

Answer 39

Pituitary adenoma or congenital syndrome, specifically multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (werner) syndrome

Question 40

Clinical manifestations of pituitary gigantism

Answer 40

tall and large stature beyond the norm

Question 41

Dental aspects of pituitary gigantism

Answer 41

- Macroglossia with indentation on lateral borders - Prognathic mandible - Malocclusion - Spacing in teeth - Thick lips - Salivary gland enlargement - Thickening and folding of facial skin - Enlarged nasal sinuses

Question 42

Treatment of pituitary gigantism

Answer 42

octreoide, pegvisomant (blocks GH receptors)

Question 43

Pituitary dwarfism

Answer 43

growth hormone deficiency

Question 44

Pathophysiology of pituitary dwarfism

Answer 44

is a condition caused by insufficient amounts of growth hormone in the body

Question 45

Etiology of pituitary dwarfism

Answer 45

tumors

Question 46

Clinical manifestations of pituitary dwarfism

Answer 46

delayed growth

Question 47

Dental aspects of pituitary dwarfism

Answer 47

- Permanent teeth and their roots show a delayed pattern of eruption - Maxilla and mandible are smaller than normal - Dental arches are smaller - in malocclusion and teeth crowding - Decrease in salivary flow - increased carries and periodontal diseases

Question 48

Treatment of pituitary dwarfism

Answer 48

growth hormone preparations

Question 49

Pituitary adenomas

Answer 49

(e.g hyperprolactemia)

Question 50

Pathophysiology of pituitary adenomas

Answer 50

increase/decrease secretion of hormones

Question 51

Etiology of pituitary adenomas

Answer 51

tumor that appears due to genetics

Question 52

Clinical manifestations of pituitary adenomas

Answer 52

dependent on hormone

Question 53

Dental aspects of pituitary adenomas

Answer 53

depends on what sort of adenoma it is cause it ultimately affects what we see in the mouth

Question 54

Treatment of pituitary adenomas

Answer 54

surgery or radiation. Medication that are agonists or antagonists

Question 55

People who are not pregnant or lactating, prolactin secretion is inhibited by

Answer 55

dopamine aka (prolactin-inhibiting hormone, PIH)

Question 56

what are the two most important stimuli for prolactin secretion?

Answer 56

pregnancy and breast feeding

Question 57

what stimulates milk production in the postpartum period?

Answer 57

PRL

Question 58

pregnant women during the _____ trimester will increase and have fuller breast development

Answer 58

third

Question 59

how does prolactin differ from oxytocin?

Answer 59

prolactin = production of milk oxytocin = ejection of milk

Question 60

in females, prolactin inhibits ________ by inhibiting the synthesis and release of GnRH

Answer 60

ovulation

Question 61

Prolactinoma

Answer 61

tumor in pituitary in males or females

Question 62

gynecomastia

Answer 62

breast development in males

Question 63

galactorrhea

Answer 63

males that are able to produce milk in their breasts

Question 64

hyperprolactinemia

Answer 64

high prolactin levels

Question 65

pituitary adenoma leads to

Answer 65

bitemporal hemianopsia or hemianopia (only able to see straight ahead aka tunnel vision)