Section 2 Intro to Pathology Flashcards
1
Q
Define Pathology
A
science that studies disease
2
Q
What does Pathology NOT address?
A
The healing process
3
Q
Define Pathological Anatomy
A
Study of structural changes in the tissue
4
Q
Define physiological Pathology
A
studies in changes or altercations in function
5
Q
Define Forensic Pathology
A
investigative study of abnormal processes resulting in death fro the benefit of the justice system during legal proceedings
6
Q
Define Surgical Pathology
A
study of tissues removed from living patients during surgery to help diagnose a disease and determine a treatment plan
7
Q
What’s the difference between General and Special Pathology?
A
General is what causes the disease and how it develops Special is study of a specific disease of organs or system of organs
8
Q
Define Experimental Pathology
A
Study of disease induced artificially and intentionally in animals to improve human pharmaceutical treatments
9
Q
Define disease
A
any condition of cells, tissues, or organs of the body that are abnormal
10
Q
Who is Rudolf Virchow
A
Proposed that all disease is brought by changes in the cell.
11
Q
______ is the Dean of Pathology, Father of modern pathology, and founder of social _______
A
Rudolf Virchow , Medicine
12
Q
Define Functional disease
A
Disease characterized by abnormal functions
13
Q
Why is there no need for structural change for a functional disease ?
A
They’re usually associated with mental disorders
14
Q
Define organic disease
A
Any disease associated with detectable or observable change in one or more body organs
15
Q
True or false organic diseases are usually caused by a living organism ?
A
True
16
Q
Define congenital disease
A
any abnormality or failure of the fetus while in utero
17
Q
Define Acquired disease
A
any disease occurring after birth
18
Q
Define Acute disease
A
SUDDEN , characterized by swift onset and rapid course
19
Q
Define Chronic disease
A
long standing , slow evolution, and long course
20
Q
Define Allergy
A
hypersensitivity cause by forieghn particles
21
Q
What do Bacteremia, Septicemia, and Toxemia have in common ?
A
all types of poisonings within the blood system
22
Q
Define communicable disease
A
can be transmitted directly or indirectly from one individual to another
23
Q
Define a complication
A
an unfavorable condition arising during the course of the disease
24
Q
Define Deficiency disease
A
caused by a metabolism deficiency disorder
25
Define diagnosis
identification of a disease
26
Define prognosis
prediction of the outcome of a disease
27
Define endemic
more or less always in the community
28
Define epidemic
after a large number of people in the community
29
Define Exacerbation
a sudden increase in severity of symptoms
30
Define Febrile disease
illness characterized by a high fever
31
Define fulminating
having a rapid and severe onset, usually fatal , more severe than acute
32
Define heredity disease
passed from parent to offspring through genetic code
33
Define Iatrogenic
results from the adverse(harmful) activity of medical personnel
34
Define Idiopathic disease
of unknown cause or origin
35
Infection is cause by a ______ ________
living organism
36
Define infestation
harboring of animal parasites, especially macroscopic forms
37
Define Intoxication
conditions resulting from presence of toxins and poisons
38
Define Morbidity rate
relative occurrence of a disease in the population at a given time and place
39
Define Mortality rate
of deaths in a given time or place as compared to the population
40
Define Noscomial
an infection acquired in a health care facility
41
Define Occupational disease
associated with ones occupation
42
Define Pandemic
world wide disease (wide spread epidemic )
43
Define Pathogenesis
How a disease(organism) develops and causes disease
44
Define prevalence
of cases of a disease present in a specific population
45
Define recurrent disease
a disease with alternating symptomatic and asymptomatic periods
46
Define Remission
a decrease in the severity of the symptoms
47
Define sporadic
scattered instances
48
Define Syndrome
set of signs and symptoms associated with a particular disease
49
Define Symptom
experienced by the patient but not apparent to the examiner (subjective)
50
Define Sign
observed by the examiner (objective)
51
Define Etiology
Study of the cause and basic origin of a disease
52
Define Etymology
study of the origin of words and their meaning
53
Define Predisposing causes
endogenous, not the actual cause but can aid to the disease condition
54
What broad ages typically can get sick more often?
young and old
55
True or false malnutrition can predispose other diseases
True
56
True or false some diseases can only affect a certain sex and their organs
True
57
Define exogenous
starts outside of the body
58
Give 3 examples of physical agents
x rays, thermal radiation, and electrical
59
What are chemical agents ?
chemicals that can burn like phenol, lead, and mercury
60
What are some examples of biological agents?
bacteria, yeast, mold, protozoa, viruses
61
Define endogenous
starts inside the body
62
Define physiological
bodily functions can be the origins of various disease
63
Define Allergens
foreign proteins that can cause hypersensitivity
64
define an Autoimmune disease
the bodys immune system no longer can distinguish healthy tissue from foreign invaders
65
What are immune deficiencies
certain diseases inhibit the normal immune system response to injury , allowing conditions to worsen
66
True or false certain diseases can appear as dominant or recessive traits
True
67
True or false some diseases are linked to chromosomal defects
True
68
Define deformity
any measurable change in structure or function of a cell or tissue
69
Define malformation
irregular, abnormal, wrong formation of structure.
70
Birth defects affect 1 in every __ babies born in the USA each year
33
71
______ are the leading cause of infant deaths
birth defects
72
Define Amelia
absence of one or more limbs
73
Hypoplasia
decrease in the # of cells (agenesis, corpus callosum isn't fully developed)
74
Define deuteranopia
colorblindness of reds and greens
75
What chromosomal abnormality causes down syndrome ?
Trisomy 21
76
What chromosomal abnormality causes Edwards syndrome and have a 50% survival rate past the first week if birth ?
Trisomy 18
77
True or false other trisomies aside from down syndrome(21) and Edwards(18) end in miscarriage
True
78
Cleft palate or lip means
lip or palate did not completely fuse
79
Define a Hernia
protrusion of an organ or part through some opening in the cavity wall
80
omphalocele where organs are not in place because of a hernia can occur in what 3 main places
inguinal/femoral , abdominal, and hiatal(stomach in thoracic cavity )
81
define polydactylism
more than normal amount of digits
82
Phocomelia
proximal portion of limbs is underdeveloped
83
Spina bifida
meninges herniated through a defect of spinous process or vertebral column
84
Vascular nevus
localized overgrowth of blood vessels that are dilated and have thin walls characterized by erythema (red patches in skin/birthmark)
85
What are 5 clinically important causes of acute lethal injury
hypoxia, anoxia (not enough oxygen), physical, chemical, microbial agents, and allergic reactions
86
Define necrosis
death of cells, tissues, or organs while still part of the living body
87
True or false necrosis is reversible
False
88
define liquefaction
necrotic area becomes liquefied
89
Define Coagulation
Necrotic area is converted to a dry, yellow mass resulting in protein coagulation
90
Define caseation
necrotic area containing cheesy puffy-like material
91
Define Gummatous
necrotic area encapsulates and contains a central necrotic mass surrounded by inflammatory and fibrotic tissue
92
Gangrenous occurs due to ___________ bacteria
saprophytic
93
Define ischemia
inadequate blood supply to an organ
94
Define Necrobiosis
gradual degeneration and death of cells in the body tissues.
95
Define infarct
a small localized area of dead tissue resulting from failure of blood supply.
96
Define infiltration
deposits of abnormal liquids or solids brought into a cell and cause harm
97
Jaundice is caused by abnormal amounts of ______
bilirubin
98
define subacute / chronic sub-lethal
between acute and chronic not severe enough to cause death
99
Define infiltration
deposits of abnormal liquid or solids into tissue or cells
100
What are three examples of infiltrations?
Fatty, calcification, and Gout
101
define calcification
mineral salts in tissues with no attempt to form bone
102
Define Gout
increase of uric acid production or decrease in uric acid excretion
103
Define pigmentations
abnormal deposits of minerals in an area where they normally would not be found
104
Bilirubin gives off a ____ bile pigment and biliverdin gives off a ____ bile pigment
Bilirubin red biliverdin green
105
carotenemia
over consumption of yellow vegetables with carotene
106
plumbism
chronic lead poisoning
107
Argyria
greyish blue skin due to deposits of silver salts from medications
108
Define Atrophy
decrease in the size of a part or organ that was previously normal size
109
What are some examples of atrophy?
tonsils, spleen, thymus , disuse, and paralyses can cause tissue to decrease in size
110
Define hypertrophy
an enlargement in the tissue due to increased functional demand
111
True or false some organs can undergo hypertrophy when they compensate for something
True (kidney)
112
Define hyperplasia
increase in the number of cells , can cause swelling
113
Define metaphasia
replacement of a type of tissue with a different type of tissue
114
anaplasia
reverse in structure cell will become more generic and less specialized
115
What does the suffix plasia mean ?
formation or development (molding)
116
True or false Vitamin A is fat soluble
True
117
From what can you get vitamin A and what is it necessary for?
Vitamin A from leafy greens, yellow fruit and vegetables, lots of different meets. Necessary for vision, bone growth and development.
118
True or false a deficiency in Vitamin A can cause night blindness and destruction of mucous membranes
True
119
True or false Vitamin B is water soluble
True
120
Where can you find water soluble vitamin B and what is it necessary for?
can be found in liver and foods like potatoes and rice . Necessary for growth appetite and metabolism
121
What are some of the consequences of a deficiency of vitamin B?
weakness, mental disturbance, edema, and heart disease
122
True or false vitamin deficiency is uncommon amongst alcoholics
False it is common
123
True or false vitamin C is water soluble
True
124
Where can you find water soluble vitamin C and what is it necessary for ?
can be found in fruits and vegetables. necessary for collagen in CT and integrity of capillaries
125
True or false a vitamin C deficiency will cause you to get scurvy
True
126
What are some of the consequences of a deficiency of vitamin C?
hemorrhaging from the gums, skin, and GI tract . weak joints and bones
127
True or false vitamin D is fat soluble
True
128
From what can you get fat soluble vitamin D and what is it necessary for?
salmon, catfish, organ meat, eggyolks, and sunlight. necessary for regulating calcium in the blood
129
What are some of the consequences of a deficiency of vitamin D?
Rickets (calcification in bones prior to epiphseal plates closure) in children and osteomalacia(softening of bones ) in adults
130
True or false vitamin E is fat soluble
True
131
From what can you get fat soluble vitamin E and what is it necessary for?
can be found in whole grains and nuts . necessary for reproductive growth and epithelial growth
132
What are some of the consequences of a deficiency of vitamin E ?
tissue degeneration, blood vessels, liver, kidney, and reproductive problems
133
True or false vitamin K is fat soluble
True
134
From what can you get fat soluble vitamin K and what is it necessary for?
leafy greens , pork, sunlight. necessary for prothrombin and blood coagulation factors
135
What are some of the consequences of a deficiency of vitamin K ?
hemorrhaging
136
What are some sources of iodine and what is it necessary for?
seafood, iodized salt . necessary for production of thyroxin (hormone for thyroid gland )
137
True or false a deficiency to iodine leads to an enlarged thyroid called a goiter
True
138
What are some sources of Iron and what is it necessary for?
red meats, common foods. Necessary for RBC production for 02 transportation
139
True or false Iron deficiency leads to anemia
True
140
Inflammation is the tissues reaction to _____
injury
141
what are the 5 cardinal symptoms of inflammation
pain (dolar), swelling, heat(calor), redness(cause by hypermia), and dysfunction
142
What are four causes of inflammation ?
infection(microorganisms), trauma, thermal injury, and foreign bodies(immune reactions)
143
Define acute inflammation
rapid onset, short lived
144
Congestion when speaking of inflammation
vascular reaction when tissues become inflamed leading to dilation of the capillaries
145
Define exudation
inflammatory fluid containing plasma, WBC, and other components
146
Suppurative, type of inflammation
containing pus
147
Serous, type of inflammation
composed of serum and very few cells
148
Catarrhal, type of inflammation
serous exudates that contain mucin
149
Hemorrhagic,type of inflammation
contains blood
150
What causes redness and warmth in an inflamed area ?
Vasodilation increases blood flow leading to redness and warmth
151
How does permeability of the vessels help in inflammation ?
necessary protein rich fluid and leukocyte are able to reach the damaged area
152
The loss of fluid from a permeable blood vessel concentrated RBC's and leads to a decreased velocity and ____ of blood flow
stasis (inactivity or equilibrium)
153
Chronic inflammation
increase over time when body cant heal damaged area
154
Granulomatous type of inflammation can
resolve itself, remain static, become gangrenous, or spread
155
Define sinus
a cavity in bone or tissue
156
Define Fistula (inflammatory lesions)
abnormal tube like opening between two structures .
157
Define abscess (inflammatory lesions)
localized collection of puss in a cavity formed by a degeneration of tissue
158
Define Pustule (inflammatory lesions)
small elevation of the skin containing puss or lymph fluid
159
Define Furuncle (boil) (inflammatory lesions)
inflammation area of skin in subcutaneous tissue with a central core
160
Define carbuncle (inflammatory lesions)
Multiple Furuncles
161
Define ulcer (inflammatory lesions)
superficial sore discharging pus , usually affecting epithelial tissue
162
Define vesicle (blister) (inflammatory lesions)
elevation of skin containing a clear watery fluid
