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Geography > Section 2 - Rural-Urban Links > Flashcards

Section 2 - Rural-Urban Links Flashcards

1
Q

What are the characteristics of a rural area?

A
  • low/ sparse population
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2
Q

What are the characteristics of a urban area?

A
  • busy, built-up

- higher population density

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3
Q

What is the def for a rural area?

A

an area of the countryside characterised by wide open spaces

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4
Q

What is the def for a urban area?

A

a built-up environment where a lot of people live

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5
Q

What is the population density?

A

the average number of people per square kilometre.

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6
Q

What is the def for location?

A

a particular place or position

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7
Q

What is the urban-rural continuum?

A

a continuum along which all settlements are placed

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8
Q

What is the sphere of influence?

A

A region within which an urban area provides an important economic and social influence

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9
Q

What things make the sphere of influence bigger?

A
  • the better the rail and transport links
  • distance from other urban areas
  • size of the urban area
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10
Q

What is counter-urbanisation?

A

The movement of people out of towns and cities to rural areas

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11
Q

What are 4 reasons for counter-urbanisation?

A

Housing - type and style of homes people want are cheaper in rural areas.
Family status - bigger families people may look for larger properties in rural locations
Transport - improve road and rail links, enables people to live in different places but still travel to their work.
Employment - decline of industry work in urban
Social factors - low crime rate good schools lead people out of urban areas
Environmental factors - increased noise and air pollution in urban

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12
Q

What is the impact of counter-urbanisation on rural settlements ?

A

increase in house prices because of high demand
decrease in traditional services (village shops)
increase in numbers of school children in rural areas
increased amounts of traffic and pollution

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13
Q

What are the factors leading to increased commuting?

A

cities have more jobs
people living in rural areas because of inflated city house prices
improvement in road and rail links

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14
Q

What are the factors leading to decreased commuting?

A

the rapid grow of internet and emails so people work from home
increased coverage and quality of phone networks enables people to keep in contact with co-workers
rapid growth of broadband

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15
Q

How are rural areas changing due to the urban sphere of influence and technology?

A
  • reduction in jobs in rural area - more jobs becoming tertiary rather than primary
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16
Q

What is the def of primary jobs?

A

jobs that include getting raw materials from the environment e.g. fishing mining

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17
Q

What is the def of tertiary jobs?

A

jobs that provide a service e.g teaching

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18
Q

Def of sustainable community

A

a community that is able to support the needs of all residents with minimal environment impacts

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19
Q

What are 2 strategies which could create a sustainable community?

A
  • reliability and frequency of transport
  • availability of jobs
  • internet connections
  • education
  • healthcare
20
Q

What are 2 social factors which are affecting population change?

A

healthcare - NHS is freely accessible, leading to a longer life expectancy and low infant mortality rate
marriage - people are marrying later, effects when they start a family
culture
ageing population - lower birth rate

21
Q

What are 2 economic factors which are affecting population change?

A

cost of raising a family

career - women are wanting to pursue their careers for longer

22
Q

What is migration?

A

the movement of people from one place to another

23
Q

What is the def of death rate ?

A

number of people dying in an area per 1,000

24
Q

What are 3 impacts of migration

A
  • strain on schools due to the amount of non-English speaking pupils
  • low-paid, unskilled jobs are taken
  • house prices increases
  • increase in number of young adults working and paying taxes
  • increased birth rate
25
Q

What are 2 economic effects of an ageing population?

A
  • less people paying taxes
  • more money needed to for pensions
  • more people dependent on pensions
26
Q

What are 2 economic effects of an social population?

A
  • increase in health issues as people are living longer
  • increased amount of care services needed
  • increase number of people living on their own - decrease the amount of housing available
  • working-age people are looking after the elderly
27
Q

What are 3 things that make a community sustainable?

A
  • well connected - public transport and transport links so residents can get to work, schools, healthcare and other services
  • environmentally sensitive - considerate to habitats and wildlife
  • active and safe
  • thriving - with a variety of work opportunities and strong economy
28
Q

What is a greenfield site?

A

an area of land which hasn’t been used before for buildings

29
Q

What are the 3 challenges planners face when considering to build on a greenfield, and why?

A
  • environmental sustainability - destruction of rural land that hasn’t been built on. Development on a green belt area could lead to urban sprawl
  • economic sustainability - the costs of new housing maybe too high for existing residents to afford.
  • social sustainability - new greenfield developments may encourage urban residents to move to countryside and therefore change the style of life. Local services put under pressure
30
Q

What is a brownfield site?

A

an area for redevelopment that has been previously built on

31
Q

What is re-urbanisation?

A

people moving from the countryside back into urban areas

32
Q

What are two advantages rebuilding on brownfield sites?

A
  • not destroying areas of countryside

- re-urbanisation people will like to move back to places which are revitalised

33
Q

What are 2 economic factor which is leading to change in retailing?

A 
increase of home delivery firms, making delivered good cheaper
congestion in cities
large areas of free parking 
high city parking prices
wages paid monthly not weekly
34
Q

What is a CBD?

A

central business district - the main shopping and service in a city

35
Q

What is a cultural factor which is leading to change in retailing?

A

car-dependent society

habit of bulk buying rather than weekly/ monthly shops

36
Q

What are 2 technological factor which is leading to change in retailing?

A

wider coverage of high-speed broadband
website improvements - more graphics
rise of many retailers that are only online
internet banking

37
Q

What are two benefits of out-of-town shopping centres?

A
  • large free parking areas for customers
  • quick and easy access for customers and deliveries due to being near major roads
  • less congestion
  • often room to expansion due to edge-of-city location
  • land values are cheaper and therefore shops are biggers, holding more variety of stock
  • near suburban houses close to customers and workforce
38
Q

What are two costs of out-of-town shopping centres?

A
  • attract shoppers away from city centres, cause decline
  • cause congestion on surrounding access roads
  • tends to be the same chain stores that populate shopping centres and retail parks and therefore do not support smaller independent stores
  • land use conflict
39
Q

What are two benefits of online shopping?

A
  • convenient and often cheaper method of browsing and buying goods.
  • customers can buy products not available locally
  • customers can buy at any time from any location
  • it is less time consuming
  • congestion is reduced
  • jobs are provided with delivery services
40
Q

What are two costs of online shopping?

A
  • not everyone has internet access
  • goods may not be expected when delivered and it may be difficult to return
  • city centre lose trade, lead to job losses and closure of shops
  • more delivery vans increase congestion and pollution
  • storage of card details can lead to fraud
41
Q

What is urbanisation ?

A

the growth of towns and cities

42
Q

What are NIC’s?

A

Newly industrialised countries - middle-income countries where the pace of economic growth is faster than other developing countries

43
Q

What are Mega-cities?

A

cities with over ten million residents

44
Q

How do cities become global cities?

A

finance and trade : location of stock exchange and bank headquarters
governance : location of central government, international organisations e.g EU
diversity : attract large numbers of migrants
media
cultural centres: location of a wide range of entertainment venues
innovation : locations of top-rated universities and research

45
Q

What is globalisation?

A

flows of people, ideas, money and goods making a global web that links people and places

46
Q

What are global cities?

A

cities that play an important role in the global economic system of finance and trade

47
Q

What is infrastructure ?

A

the basic structures and services needed by any society

Geography (6 decks)

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