Section 2 - Rural-Urban Links

Question 1

What are the characteristics of a rural area?

Answer 1

• low/ sparse population

Question 2

What are the characteristics of a urban area?

Answer 2

• busy, built-up

- higher population density

Question 3

What is the def for a rural area?

Answer 3

an area of the countryside characterised by wide open spaces

Question 4

What is the def for a urban area?

Answer 4

a built-up environment where a lot of people live

Question 5

What is the population density?

Answer 5

the average number of people per square kilometre.

Question 6

What is the def for location?

Answer 6

a particular place or position

Question 7

What is the urban-rural continuum?

Answer 7

a continuum along which all settlements are placed

Question 8

What is the sphere of influence?

Answer 8

A region within which an urban area provides an important economic and social influence

Question 9

What things make the sphere of influence bigger?

Answer 9

• the better the rail and transport links
• distance from other urban areas
• size of the urban area

Question 10

What is counter-urbanisation?

Answer 10

The movement of people out of towns and cities to rural areas

Question 11

What are 4 reasons for counter-urbanisation?

Answer 11

Housing - type and style of homes people want are cheaper in rural areas.
Family status - bigger families people may look for larger properties in rural locations
Transport - improve road and rail links, enables people to live in different places but still travel to their work.
Employment - decline of industry work in urban
Social factors - low crime rate good schools lead people out of urban areas
Environmental factors - increased noise and air pollution in urban

Question 12

What is the impact of counter-urbanisation on rural settlements ?

Answer 12

increase in house prices because of high demand
decrease in traditional services (village shops)
increase in numbers of school children in rural areas
increased amounts of traffic and pollution

Question 13

What are the factors leading to increased commuting?

Answer 13

cities have more jobs
people living in rural areas because of inflated city house prices
improvement in road and rail links

Question 14

What are the factors leading to decreased commuting?

Answer 14

the rapid grow of internet and emails so people work from home
increased coverage and quality of phone networks enables people to keep in contact with co-workers
rapid growth of broadband

Question 15

How are rural areas changing due to the urban sphere of influence and technology?

Answer 15

• reduction in jobs in rural area - more jobs becoming tertiary rather than primary

Question 16

What is the def of primary jobs?

Answer 16

jobs that include getting raw materials from the environment e.g. fishing mining

Question 17

What is the def of tertiary jobs?

Answer 17

jobs that provide a service e.g teaching

Question 18

Def of sustainable community

Answer 18

a community that is able to support the needs of all residents with minimal environment impacts

Question 19

What are 2 strategies which could create a sustainable community?

Answer 19

• reliability and frequency of transport
• availability of jobs
• internet connections
• education
• healthcare

Question 20

What are 2 social factors which are affecting population change?

Answer 20

healthcare - NHS is freely accessible, leading to a longer life expectancy and low infant mortality rate
marriage - people are marrying later, effects when they start a family
culture
ageing population - lower birth rate

Question 21

What are 2 economic factors which are affecting population change?

Answer 21

cost of raising a family

career - women are wanting to pursue their careers for longer

Question 22

What is migration?

Answer 22

the movement of people from one place to another

Question 23

What is the def of death rate ?

Answer 23

number of people dying in an area per 1,000

Question 24

What are 3 impacts of migration

Answer 24

• strain on schools due to the amount of non-English speaking pupils
• low-paid, unskilled jobs are taken
• house prices increases
• increase in number of young adults working and paying taxes
• increased birth rate

Question 25

What are 2 economic effects of an ageing population?

Answer 25

- less people paying taxes - more money needed to for pensions - more people dependent on pensions

Question 26

What are 2 economic effects of an social population?

Answer 26

- increase in health issues as people are living longer - increased amount of care services needed - increase number of people living on their own - decrease the amount of housing available - working-age people are looking after the elderly

Question 27

What are 3 things that make a community sustainable?

Answer 27

- well connected - public transport and transport links so residents can get to work, schools, healthcare and other services - environmentally sensitive - considerate to habitats and wildlife - active and safe - thriving - with a variety of work opportunities and strong economy

Question 28

What is a greenfield site?

Answer 28

an area of land which hasn't been used before for buildings

Question 29

What are the 3 challenges planners face when considering to build on a greenfield, and why?

Answer 29

- environmental sustainability - destruction of rural land that hasn't been built on. Development on a green belt area could lead to urban sprawl - economic sustainability - the costs of new housing maybe too high for existing residents to afford. - social sustainability - new greenfield developments may encourage urban residents to move to countryside and therefore change the style of life. Local services put under pressure

Question 30

What is a brownfield site?

Answer 30

an area for redevelopment that has been previously built on

Question 31

What is re-urbanisation?

Answer 31

people moving from the countryside back into urban areas

Question 32

What are two advantages rebuilding on brownfield sites?

Answer 32

- not destroying areas of countryside | - re-urbanisation people will like to move back to places which are revitalised

Question 33

What are 2 economic factor which is leading to change in retailing?

Answer 33

``` increase of home delivery firms, making delivered good cheaper congestion in cities large areas of free parking high city parking prices wages paid monthly not weekly ```

Question 34

What is a CBD?

Answer 34

central business district - the main shopping and service in a city

Question 35

What is a cultural factor which is leading to change in retailing?

Answer 35

car-dependent society | habit of bulk buying rather than weekly/ monthly shops

Question 36

What are 2 technological factor which is leading to change in retailing?

Answer 36

wider coverage of high-speed broadband website improvements - more graphics rise of many retailers that are only online internet banking

Question 37

What are two benefits of out-of-town shopping centres?

Answer 37

- large free parking areas for customers - quick and easy access for customers and deliveries due to being near major roads - less congestion - often room to expansion due to edge-of-city location - land values are cheaper and therefore shops are biggers, holding more variety of stock - near suburban houses close to customers and workforce

Question 38

What are two costs of out-of-town shopping centres?

Answer 38

- attract shoppers away from city centres, cause decline - cause congestion on surrounding access roads - tends to be the same chain stores that populate shopping centres and retail parks and therefore do not support smaller independent stores - land use conflict

Question 39

What are two benefits of online shopping?

Answer 39

- convenient and often cheaper method of browsing and buying goods. - customers can buy products not available locally - customers can buy at any time from any location - it is less time consuming - congestion is reduced - jobs are provided with delivery services

Question 40

What are two costs of online shopping?

Answer 40

- not everyone has internet access - goods may not be expected when delivered and it may be difficult to return - city centre lose trade, lead to job losses and closure of shops - more delivery vans increase congestion and pollution - storage of card details can lead to fraud

Question 41

What is urbanisation ?

Answer 41

the growth of towns and cities

Question 42

What are NIC's?

Answer 42

Newly industrialised countries - middle-income countries where the pace of economic growth is faster than other developing countries

Question 43

What are Mega-cities?

Answer 43

cities with over ten million residents

Question 44

How do cities become global cities?

Answer 44

finance and trade : location of stock exchange and bank headquarters governance : location of central government, international organisations e.g EU diversity : attract large numbers of migrants media cultural centres: location of a wide range of entertainment venues innovation : locations of top-rated universities and research

Question 45

What is globalisation?

Answer 45

flows of people, ideas, money and goods making a global web that links people and places

Question 46

What are global cities?

Answer 46

cities that play an important role in the global economic system of finance and trade

Question 47

What is infrastructure ?

Answer 47

the basic structures and services needed by any society