Section 4: Conflicting priorities Flashcards
(36 cards)
1
Q
Charles’ start in Spain
A
- Following his grandfather Ferdinand’s death in 1516, he inherited Aragon and Castile
- He arrived in spain in 1517 and spent most of the next 12 years there
- He got off to a bad start, due to his 18 month delayed arrival and inability to speak Castilian, this angered and alienated his subjects which led to a rebellion breaking out against him in 1520
2
Q
What did Charles do when the rebellion broke out against him in Spain
A
- a key reason why he left the empire so promptly after the diet of worms in 1521, to oversee the restoration of order
- though peace was restored in 1522, he continued to spend another seven years in spain
3
Q
Was it a mistake to spend this time in Spain (yes)
A
- he was distracted in key moments of lutheranism
- diets of speyer 1526 and 1529 he should have been there
4
Q
Was it a mistake to spend this time in Spain (no)
A
- he wouldn’t have felt it was a particular choice, alienating the country could have threatened his position even more
- he used his time there to strengthen his bond with the Castilian Cortes, appointing spanish advisors, learning their language and marrying an Iberian princess in 1526
- he then used it resources and income and a base where he could tackled the f + O
a necessary inherited birthright, and great system of support
5
Q
Why was there so much beef between charles and france
A
- five hapsburg- valois wars fought between 1521- 59
- charles won the imperial election over francis in 1519
- they had rival claims to Navarre, Burgundy, Naples and towns in Flanders fuelling the wars
6
Q
Times when the french distracted Charles
A
- Diet of Worms 1521: key reason why Charles left Germany for Spain was due to France’s invasion of Navarre
- Religious Truce of Nuremberg 1532: had to deal with the third Habsurg valois war of 1536-38
7
Q
Most of the french’s attacks were beyond Charles’ control
A
- Francis often felt he had Claims to Habsburg lands, because they formed part of his mother or Father’s ancestral terrioties
- this is seen in Francis’ attacks on: Luxembourg in 1521, Savoy and Piedmonet in 1536 and Artoid, Brabant and Navarre in 1552
8
Q
How did Charles’ opposition with the French help the Lutherans
A
- Francis strenghtened and financed the Schmalkaldic league,
- with his son Henry II helping Lutherans even more decisively, by playing a major role in reviving the league in the 1550s, singing the treaty of Chambord in 1552
- As part of the treaty, Henry also invaded Germany and took the Metz.
- Majorly impacted Charles, the fact that the league had such strong support from his rivals made fighting against it was near impossible
9
Q
However - times when Charles wrongly priotrised france over the lutheran issue
A
- he was the one to attack Milan and Tournai in 1521 at a vital time (diet of worms0
- he conquered Friesland in 1522 and Guilders ini 1543
however- he had to do sthis, his inherited right
also, the moderate nature of his peace treaties, i.e Treaty of Madrid 1526, evidence he would have preferred to prioritise Luther
10
Q
why did the ottomans pose such a threat
A
- extremely large expansion, grew to almost double its size from 1500-20
- charles felt the pressure of the ‘great fear’ enhanced by the fact that the empire was on the front line
11
Q
ottomans causing charles to make compromise
A
- diet of speyer, ottoman conquest of Hungary ensured imperial support for recess of speyer due to empire’s need for stability
- religious truce of nuremberg - charles offered the league peace in return for men and money as he was unable to carry out his threat of stopping lutherans due to threat of ottoman invasion,
- he then left the empire for 8 years dealing early with the recapture of the Tunis in 1535
12
Q
ottomans proving to be a distraction to charles
A
- second diet of speyer, Ferdinand was never able to impose the edict of worms by force due to months following the diet anxiously mointiroting ottoman threats to vienna
13
Q
galbraith ottomans
A
- charles was unfrotunate to be emperor at the time when the ottomans had v. strong rulers - Selim and Suleman, the ottoman threat is also a genuine reason why the popes did not focus on Luther
14
Q
ottoman threat in the mediterranean
A
- ottomans seized Rhodes in 1522 and corfu in 1537, charles was worried about Naples, one of his Hapsburg inheritances
15
Q
charles mistake with the barbary pirates
A
- his dealing with the barbary pirates following the Colloquy of Regensburg in 1541 was a big mistake
- after the damage being done to his mediterranean costaldns by Muslim pirates in Algiers, he attempted to seize Algiers and eliminate the Barbary pirates completely
- however this failed and left him without a fleet and essentially bankrupt, could have waited
16
Q
why did the popes fail? (misjdgment)
A
- popes failed to realise his significant and judged he was just anther reformer of heretic of the type who had been dealt with relitley easily before
- no one could have foreseen the significant impact of the printing press
17
Q
why did the popes fail? (willing to prioritise politics)
A
- what is says
18
Q
why did the popes fail? (charles’ power)
A
- popes were worried by the extent of Charles’ power, especially in the Italian Peninsular as he had Napels as well as land to the north
- his victory in Milan in 1521 and at Pavia in 1525 made the popes worry about the independence of the papal states
19
Q
why did the popes fail? (papal power)
A
- The popes knew a general council would decrease their power
- they did not want to submit to the authority of council and also knew the reform of abuses would reduce revenue
20
Q
Adrian VI
A
1522-23
high hopes: he was Charles’ old tutor, opposed to corruption, looked as though the council proposal might happen, wanted to reunite christendom and unlike Leo understood that the Lutheran problem needed to be taken seriously
- however, he died within 18 months
21
Q
Clement VI attitude to reform
A
1523-34
- rather than seeing it as a way to tackle the Lutheran threat, he believed a general council was a threat to papal authority
- more preoccupied by Italian politics than the protestant reformation
22
Q
sack of rome, Clement VI
A
1527, without charles’ authority an imperial army sacked rome
- 25,000 troops attacked the church, covets and houses, avenging the death go their commander and angered at being unpaid
- destroyed churches + ornaments and relics. After Charles fled he was found and taken prionser
23
Q
How the sack of Rome changed Clement VIII
A
- turning point, many interpreted it as a sign that the church must reform itself
- he crowned charles HRE, returned henry’s annulment and sent Cardinal Campeggio to the Diet of Augsburg
however, did not result in council. Lacked decisiveness + feared Charles’ power, afraid of offending the french
24
Q
Paul III steps to reform in the 1530s
A
1534-49
- attempted to call a general council in 1536 but was thwarted by the outbreak of the third Hapsburg Valois war
- ordered 80 bishops living in Rome to return to their dioceses
- appointed 5 members of the oratory of divine love as cardinals
25
report
Set up a nine man commission in 1536 to investigate the failings of the church, chaired by ContRi, producing the Consilium of 1537
- however the report was exceptionally hard hitting, it was never published as it criticised things such as simony which bought income to the papacy
26
council
council of trent 1545
- paul adopted the hardliners approach, charles wanted to bring peace though ambigious doctinre, yet Paul wanted a sharp definition of the catholic doctrine to stop heresy and abuses
27
what did the council of trent produce
- Tridentine Decress 1545-64
- got rid of vague doctrine
- defined heretics
28
schmalkaldic war
1546-47
charles finally achieved victory over the lutherans once he had a 'window of opportunity' aguabst them, having agreed to the Peace of Crepy with france in 1544 and truce with Suleiman over hungary in 1546
29
how did charles get princes on his side in the schmalkaldic war
- used bribery and diplomacy
- promised the Electorate of the palatinate of the Duke of Bavaria and the Electorhip of Saxony to Maurice of Dual saxony
30
outcome of the schmalkaldic war
- v short, sharp and successful
- protestants did very badly, on april 23 1547, his army defeated them at the Battle of Muhlberg
- Luther died in 1536, Phillip of hesse surredned and John Frederick of Saxony was taken prisoner
31
charles' position to completely eliminate Lutheranism after the war
- he was in a great position to eliminate it completely,
- by late 1547 only Magedburg and a few northern cities had not been reconverted
however, he lacked money and disloyalty of the catholic princes, . The princes rejected the idea of na imperial league as it would give charles too much power (diet of Augsburg 1547)
32
interim of augsburg
- rejected by princes in 1548, alienated catholic supporters by making concessions to the protestants
- charles then became distracted by a family quarrel which was not resolved until 1551, with his brother over hungry
- the german princes were alienated by Charles' announcement that his spanish son Phillip would be the next emperor, ignoring the electors
33
charles' failure to completely eliminate Lutheranism after the war (french)
- french sponsored a rival of the schmalkaldic league (treaty of chambered 1552) this was lead by Maurice of saxony who switched sides again
- the french invaded the Metz, Toul and Verdun
- metz was especially strageic important as it was charles link between some of his territories. He was bankrupt and although not defeated militarily, forced to flee to Innsburck
34
Peace of Passau 1552
- guaranteed Lutheran right to worship and release Phillip of Hesse, became permamner in 1555
35
charles' failure to retake the Metz
- terrible conditions in the winter of 1552
- losy 20,000 men to disease and cold
- retired to the netherland leaving Ferdinand to reach a final settlement with the lutherans
36
peace of Augsburg
1555
pragmaric settlement based on every allowed to decide religion of own territory
