Section 5-Health,Disease and the Development of Medicines

Question 1

What is the definition of Health according to ‘WHO’?

Answer 1

A state of complete physical, mental and social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity

Question 2

What is a disease?

Answer 2

A condition where part of an organism doesn’t function properly

Question 3

What is a Non-Communicable Disease?

Answer 3

A disease that is not spread from person to person such as cancer.

Question 4

What is a communicable disease?

Answer 4

A disease that is spread from person to person such as HIV

Question 5

What are pathogens and what are examples?

Answer 5

Pathogens are organisms such as viruses bacteria,fungi and protists

Question 6

What is meant by the term STI?

Answer 6

Sexually Transmitted Infections

Question 7

Give 2 ways of reducing the spread of HIV

Answer 7

Wearing condoms, Avoiding Sexual Contact

Question 9

What does STI stand for?

Answer 9

Sexually Transmitted Infection

STIs are infections that are primarily spread through sexual contact.

Question 10

What are common symptoms of STIs?

Answer 10

Symptoms may vary depending on the specific infection.

Question 11

True or False: All STIs have noticeable symptoms.

Answer 11

False

Many STIs can be asymptomatic, meaning individuals may not show symptoms but can still transmit the infection.

Question 12

What is one method of preventing STIs?

Answer 12

Using condoms during sexual intercourse

Condoms can significantly reduce the risk of transmitting STIs.

Question 13

Fill in the blank: STIs can be caused by _______.

Answer 13

[bacteria, viruses, parasites]

Common STIs include chlamydia (bacterial), HIV (viral), and trichomoniasis (parasitic).

Question 14

What is the importance of regular STI testing?

Answer 14

To detect infections early and prevent complications

Regular testing is crucial for sexually active individuals, especially those with multiple partners.

Question 15

Name a viral STI.

Answer 15

HIV

HIV can lead to AIDS if not treated and is a life-threatening condition.

Question 16

What is the role of the immune system in relation to STIs?

Answer 16

To fight off infections

A healthy immune system can help control and eliminate some STIs.

Question 17

What is the most effective way to prevent STIs?

Answer 17

Avoiding Sexual Contact

Avoiding this eliminates the risk of transmission entirely.

Question 18

What is one common bacterial STI?

Answer 18

Chlamydia

Chlamydia is one of the most frequently reported STIs.

Question 19

Fill in the blank: STIs can affect both _______ and _______.

Answer 19

[men, women]

Both genders can be infected and affected by STIs.

Question 21

What are physical barriers in the context of fighting diseases?

Answer 21

Physical barriers are the body’s first line of defense against pathogens and include:
* Skin
* Mucous membranes
* Cilia
* Tears
* Saliva

Question 22

What is the role of skin as a physical barrier?

Answer 22

The skin acts as a protective layer that prevents pathogens from entering the body.

Question 23

What do mucous membranes do?

Answer 23

Mucous membranes trap pathogens and particles, preventing them from entering the body.

Question 24

How do cilia contribute to the immune response?

Answer 24

Cilia move mucus and trapped pathogens out of the respiratory tract.

Question 25

What is the function of tears and saliva in fighting diseases?

Answer 25

Tears and saliva contain lysozyme which kills bacteria on the surface of the eye.

Question 26

What are chemical barriers in the context of fighting diseases?

Answer 26

Chemical barriers involve substances that kill or inhibit pathogens, including: * Antimicrobial proteins * Acids in the stomach * Enzymes in saliva

Question 27

How do stomach acids serve as a chemical barrier?

Answer 27

Stomach acids produces hydrochloric acid and kills ingested pathogens.

Question 28

Fill in the blank: _______ in saliva help to break down pathogens.

Answer 28

Enzymes

Question 29

True or False: The skin is a chemical barrier.

Answer 29

False

Question 30

What is the importance of barriers in the immune system?

Answer 30

Barriers are crucial for preventing infections and protecting the body from disease.

Question 31

What is the primary function of the immune system?

Answer 31

To protect the body from pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, and fungi. ## Footnote The immune system identifies and eliminates harmful invaders.

Question 32

What are pathogens?

Answer 32

Microorganisms that cause disease, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. ## Footnote Pathogens can trigger an immune response.

Question 33

What role do white blood cells play in the immune system?

Answer 33

They identify and destroy pathogens. ## Footnote White blood cells are crucial for the immune response.

Question 34

What is phagocytosis?

Answer 34

The process by which certain white blood cells engulf and digest pathogens. ## Footnote Phagocytes are a type of white blood cell that perform this function.

Question 35

What are antibodies?

Answer 35

Proteins produced by B cells that specifically target and neutralize pathogens. ## Footnote Antibodies are part of the adaptive immune response.

Question 36

Fill in the blank: _______ are proteins that help destroy pathogens by marking them for destruction.

Answer 36

Antibodies

Question 37

True or False: The immune system can remember past infections to respond more quickly upon re-exposure.

Answer 37

True

Question 38

What is the role of memory lymphocytes in the immune system?

Answer 38

They remember a spefiec antigen and give immunity to later infections ## Footnote Memory cells allow for a faster response during subsequent infections.

Question 39

What triggers the inflammatory response?

Answer 39

Injury or infection, leading to increased blood flow and immune cell recruitment. ## Footnote Inflammation is a critical part of the innate immune response.

Question 40

Fill in the blank: The immune system can differentiate between _______ and body cells.

Answer 40

Pathogens

Question 41

What is the purpose of vaccinations in relation to the immune system?

Answer 41

To stimulate the immune system to develop immunity against specific pathogens. ## Footnote Vaccinations introduce antigens to create memory cells without causing disease.