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PHRM 1300 - Final > Section 5: Semisolid > Flashcards

Section 5: Semisolid Flashcards

(74 cards)

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1
Q

What are semisolids intended for?

A

Topical use

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2
Q

What is included in the term semisolid?

A

Ointments, creams, and gels

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3
Q

What is generally included in a semisolid?

A

An active component (drug); however, some are used for physical effects as protectants or lubricants

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4
Q

What must be considered when using a semisolid dose form?

A

Inadvertent systemic effects

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5
Q

What is generally the target organ of semisolid dose forms?

A

Skin

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6
Q

How do topical dermatological semisolid medications deliver drug?

A

Locally into skin

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7
Q

How do transdermal semisolid medications deliver drug?

A

Systemically through the skin into blood

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8
Q

What are ointments?

A

Semisolid preparations for external application to skin or mucous membranes

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9
Q

What are non-medicated ointments used for?

A

Protective, emollient, or lubricating activity

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10
Q

What are the 4 groups of ointment bases?

A

1) Oleaginous
2) Absorption
3) Water-removable
4) Water-soluble

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11
Q

What are 4 characteristics of oleaginous ointment bases?

A

1) Hydrocarbon bases
2) Emollient effect (protect against loss of moisture)
3) Occlusive (air and water proof)
4) Remain on skin long time and difficult to wash off

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12
Q

Can water and aqueous solutions be incorporated into oleaginous bases?

A

Yes, but with difficult and in small quantities

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13
Q

What is used as a levigating agent to incorporate solids into oleaginous bases?

A

Liquid petrolatum (mineral oil)

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14
Q

What type of emulsions are absorption ointment bases?

A

Water in oil

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15
Q

What are the 2 types of absorption ointment bases and what are examples of each?

A

1) Allows incorporation of water to form a water in oil emulsion (ex: eucerin, hydrophilic petrolatum)
2) Already a water in oil emulsion (ex: hydrous lanolin)

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16
Q

What are absorption bases useful for?

A

Providing a way to incorporate aqueous solutions into oleaginous bases

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17
Q

What are absorption bases used as?

A

Emollients

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18
Q

Absorption bases are _____ to wash off

A

Difficult

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19
Q

What are water-removable ointment bases?

A

Essentially oil in water emulsions

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20
Q

Water-removable ointment bases are _____ to wash off

A

Easy

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21
Q

Can water-removable ointment bases be diluted with water and why?

A

Yes because continuous phase is water

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22
Q

What are water-removable ointment bases useful for?

A

Weeping skin conditions

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23
Q

What are examples of water-removable ointment bases?

A
  • Hydrophilic ointment USP
  • Dermabase
  • Unibase
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24
Q

What are water-soluble ointment bases referred to as and why?

A

Greaseless because they contain no oleaginous components

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25
True or false: water-soluble ointment bases are completely water removable
True
26
What do water-soluble ointment bases usually contain?
Polyethlyene glycol
27
What are 7 considerations that should be made when selecting an ointment base?
1) Topical or percutaneous? 2) Rate of drug release 3) Occlusion wanted? 4) Drug stability 5) Drug solubility/skin feel 6) Easy/difficult removal 7) Site of application
28
Are gauze pads occlusive?
No
29
What type of ointment base is the most non-polar?
Oleaginous
30
What type of ointment base is the most polar?
Water-soluble
31
What type of ointment base is the most hydrophobic?
Oleaginous
32
What types of ointment bases are hydrophilic?
Water-removable and water-soluble
33
What type of ointment base is the most difficult to spread?
Oleaginous
34
What type of ointment base has the poorest drug release?
Oleaginous
35
What type of ointment base has the best drug release?
Water-soluble
36
What types of ointment bases are non-occlusive?
Water-removable and water-soluble
37
What are 2 examples of oleaginous ointment bases?
White petrolatum and Vaseline
38
What is an example of an absorption ointment base?
Lanolin
39
What is an example of a water-removable ointment base?
Hydrophilic ointment
40
What is an example of a water-soluble ointment base?
PEG ointment
41
What are the 2 possibilities of preparing an ointment?
1) Incorporation | 2) Fusion
42
What technique is commonly used in the incorporation step of preparation of an ointment?
Spatulation
43
What technique is sometimes used in the incorporation step of preparation of an ointment?
Trituration
44
What must normally be done to solids before the incorporation step of preparation of an ointment and why?
Reduction of particle size to avoid grittiness
45
What should be done to make a smooth dispersion?
Levigation of the material in a vehicle in which it is not soluble
46
When performing levigation in the preparation of an ointment, what must the levigating agent be?
Chemically and physically compatible with the drug and the base
47
What is generally used as a levigating agent in the preparation of ointments?
- Liquid petrolatum (mineral oil) for bases where external phase is oil - Glycerin when external phase is aqueous
48
When performing levigation in the preparation of an ointment, how must the levigation be performed?
Spatulation or trituration
49
What is the pulverization by intervention technique?
Material is dissolved in a solvent like alcohol, spread on slab to dry as a thin film, then incorporated by spaulation
50
What type of spatulas are generally used?
Stainless steel
51
When would plastic spatulas be used?
For iodine
52
When would a mortar and pestle be used for preparing an ointment?
When incorporating relatively large quantities of liquids or solutions
53
What occurs in the fusion step of preparing an ointment?
Some or all of the components are melted together and cooled with stirring until congealed
54
What ingredients are normally used for the fusion step of preparing an ointment and why?
Beeswax, stearly alcohol, or high MW PEG because they are difficult for incorporation technique but fusion works
55
Why is a water-bath used in the fusion step of preparing an ointment?
To avoid over-heating
56
In the fusion step of preparing an ointment, which material is melted first?
The material with the highest melting temperature
57
In the fusion step of preparing an ointment, what does the first material melted act as?
The solvent
58
True or false: the oleaginous portion is generally added to the aqueous portion
False, the aqueous portion is added to oleaginous portion
59
What are creams?
Semisolid preparations usually containing medication and in an emulsion (o/w) base
60
What happens when a cream is applied?
Water evaporates and leaves oleaginous film
61
Why are creams cosmetically acceptable?
Not greasy and easy to spread and remove
62
When is a product considered an ointment and not a cream?
When occlusion is needed because skin is dry and scaly
63
When is a product considered a cream and not an ointment?
When drying is needed and skin is weeping
64
What are lotions?
Emulsions or fine suspensions and often formulated as semi-liquid creams
65
What are pastes?
Stiff preparations with a high content of solid material -- often 25%
66
How are pastes prepared?
By incorporation or fusion
67
What are pastes used as?
Protectants and to absorb secretions
68
What are plasters designed for?
Long-term application to skin
69
What type of backing do plasters usually have?
Fabric or paper
70
What do corn plasters usually contain?
Keratolytic salicylic acid
71
What are glycerogelatins?
Substances that are melted and painted onto the skin where they solidfy
72
How are topical dermatological products usually packaged?
In wide-mouth jars or tubes
73
How are rectal, vaginal, and ophthalmic products usually packaged?
In tubes with applicators or a special tip on the tube
74
What must be considered when preparing products in jars?
Air entrapment must be avoided and product should not touch lid

PHRM 1300 - Final (6 decks)

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