Section 6 Clinical Topics

Question 1

Tracheoesophageal fistulas (TEF)

Answer 1

Faulty separation of the trachea and esophagus during development. Usually results in an esophagus with a blind ending (esophageal atresia)

Question 2

Congenital subglottic stenosis

Answer 2

abnormal development of layngotracheal tube - infants born with stridor

Question 3

Congenital lobar emphysema

Answer 3

correlation between over-inflation of the upper lobe and failure of bronchial cartilage formation

Question 4

Congenital bronchogenic cysts

Answer 4

abnormal formation of the bronchial branches; can be asymptomatic for a long time but can manifest as bleeding, dyspnea, dysphagia, cough and chest pain

Question 5

Respiratory distress syndrome

Answer 5

deficiency of surfactant

Question 6

lung hypoplasia

Answer 6

poorly developed bronchial tree; results in tachypnea, respiratory distress under duress; commonly a result of the Potter sequence of renal defects or diaphragmatic hernia

Question 7

cystic fibrosis

Answer 7

caused by a mutation in the CF transmembrane conductance regulator (Cl- channel); thick mucous forms on epithelium of the respiratory tract which can easily get infected; pancreas and metabolic alkalosis commonly associated; no cure, life expectancy increased due to research