Section 6 - Organic Chemistry P2 Flashcards Preview

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Flashcards in Section 6 - Organic Chemistry P2 Deck (51)
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1
Q

What are the different types of homologous series?

A
alkanes
alkenes
alcohols
carboxylic acids
esters
2
Q

What is the functional group of alcohols?

A

an oxygen hydrogen bond

3
Q

What is the functional group of carboxylic acids?

A

a carbon oxygen double bond and carbon hydroxide bond

4
Q

What is the functional group of esters?

A

a carbon oxygen double bond and a carbon oxygen bond

5
Q

What is the prefix/suffix of alcohols?

A

-ol

6
Q

What is the prefix/suffix of carboxylic acids?

A

-oic acid

7
Q

What is the prefix/suffix of esters?

A

Prefix: alkyl- -yl
Suffix: -anoate

8
Q

How could isomers be arranged differently?

A

The same atoms could be arranged into different functional groups

9
Q

What are the properties of isomers which have different functional groups?

A

Physical and chemical properties are both very different

10
Q

What is the general formula for alcohols?

A

CₙH₂ₙ₊₁OH

11
Q

What functional group do all alcohols contain?

A

-OH functional group

12
Q

What are the first four alcohols in the homologous series?

A

methanol
ethanol
propanol
butanol

13
Q

What different ways can the functional group be shown for an alcohol?

A
  • the -OH group can be attached to different carbon atoms in the chain
  • alcohols can have more than one -OH group
14
Q

What happens when something is oxidised?

A

It gains oxygen

15
Q

When alcohols are oxidised what happens?

A
  • alcohols oxidise to form carboxylic acids

- for this you need an oxidising agent (such as potassium dichromate(VI) in dilute sulphuric acid

16
Q

What happens when ethanol is heated with acidified potassium dichromate(VI)?

A

Ethanoic acid is produced (CH₃COOH)

17
Q

What is microbial oxidation?

A
  • some microorganisms are able to use alcohols as an energy source
  • to do this they use oxygen in the air to oxidise alcohols, carboxylic acids are formed as a by-product
18
Q

When alcohols are burnt what occurs?

A
  • when alcohols are burnt in enough oxygen they undergo complete combustion
  • the products of this reaction are water and carbon dioxide
19
Q

How is ethene produced?

A

By cracking crude oil

20
Q

What will ethene and steam react together to produce?

And what type of reaction is it?

A

ethanol

an addition reaction

21
Q

How can ethanol be made?

A
  • by reacting ethene and steam

- by fermenting glucose with yeast

22
Q

What conditions are needed for ethene to react with steam?

A
  • temperature of 300°C
  • pressure of 60-70 atmospheres
  • phosphoric acid is used as a catalyst
23
Q

What is the trouble with producing ethanol from ethene and steam?

A

-at the moment it is a cheap process (ethene is fairly cheap and not much is wasted) BUT crude oil is a non-renewable resource which will start running out so it will become expensive to make ethanol from this

24
Q

What is alcohol in beer and wine made from?

A

Fermentation of glucose which is converted into ethanol and carbon dioxide by yeast

25
Q

What does yeast do in fermentation?

A

-yeast cells contain an enzyme (enzymes are naturally occurring catalysts)

26
Q

What are the conditions required for fermentation?

A
  • mixture at about 30°C (optimum temperature for the enzymes, too hot would denature the enzymes)
  • anaerobic conditions(no oxygen) - oxygen turns ethanol into ethanoic acid(vinegar)
27
Q

What are the advantages of making ethanol from fermentation?

A

-all the raw materials are all renewable sources
(sugar from sugar cane is grown as a major crop in several parts of the world)
(yeast is easy to grow)

28
Q

What are the disadvantages of making ethanol from fermentation?

A
  • the ethanol you get from this process isn’t very concentrated, so it needs to be distilled to increase its strength
  • it also needs to be purified
29
Q

What is the functional group of the carboxylic acid homologous series?

A

-COOH

has a C=O double bond and a C-OH bond, all coming off the same C

30
Q

What are the first four names of the carboxylic acids?

A
methanoic acid (HCOOH)
ethanoic acid (CH₃COOH)
propanoic acid (CH₃CH₂COOH)
butanoic acid (CH₃CH₂CH₂COOH)
31
Q

If a carboxylic acid reacts to form a salt, what do the name of the salt end in?

A
  • anoate

e. g. ethanoate

32
Q

What do carboxylic acids in an aqueous solution react with metal carbonates to form?

A

salt + water + carbon dioxide

33
Q

What do aqueous carboxylic acids react with metals to form?

A

salt + hydrogen

34
Q

How are carboxylic acids used in the preparations of esters?

A

-carboxylic acids react with alcohols in the presence of an acid catalyst to form esters

35
Q

What is vinegar?

A

ethanoic acid dissolved in water

-vinegar is used for flavouring and preserving food

36
Q

alcohol + carboxylic acid –>

A

ester + water

an acid catalyst is usually used

37
Q

What functional group do esters have?

A

-COO-

38
Q

What do ester names end in?

A

-oate

39
Q

How do you name esters?

A

The alcohol forms the first part of the esters name, and the acid forms the second part of the esters name

40
Q

Describe a practical to make ethyl ethanoate:

A
  • add 4 drops of concentrated sulphuric acid to a boiling tube using a dropping pipette
  • add 10 drops of ethanoic acid
  • add an equal volume of ethanol
  • place the boiling tube in a beaker on a tripod
  • heat using a bunsen burner until the water starts to boil then turn the bunsen burner off
  • after 1 minute, remove the tube and allow it to cool
  • pour the mixture into a test tube of sodium carbonate solution and mix, a layer of eater should form on the top (should smell sweet, like pear drops)
41
Q

What are the features of esters?

A
  • many esters have pleasant smells

- volatile (they evaporate into gases very quickly)

42
Q

What are the uses of esters?

A
  • used in perfumes

- used to make food flavourings

43
Q

What does condensation polymerisation involve?

A

Usually involves two different types of monomers

44
Q

How can polymers be made?

A

by condensation polymerisation

45
Q

What is the process of polymers being made from condensation polymerisation?

A
  • the monomers react together and bonds form between them, making polymer chains
  • each monomer has to contain at least two functional groups, one on each end of the molecule
  • each functional group react with the functional group of another monomer, creating long chains of alternating monomers (each new bond that forms, a small molecule is lost)
46
Q

When do polyesters form?

A

Polyesters form when dicarboxylic acid monomers and diol monomers react together

47
Q

What two carboxylic acid groups are in the dicarboxlic acid monomers and diol monomers?

A

two alcohol (-OH) groups

48
Q

What is an ester link?

A

When the carboxylic acid group reacts with the alcohol group

49
Q

What are polyesters?

A

Polyesters are condensation monomers - each time an ester link is formed, a molecule of water is lost

50
Q

What are biopolyesters?

A

Biodegradable polyesters
-can be broken down by bacteria and other living organisms in the environment over time (they decompose and and don’t stay in landfill forever reducing the polymers’ pollutant effect

51
Q

What are examples of biopolyesters?

A

Some polyesters