Section 9: Information processing

Question 1

Define information processing

Answer 1

the methods by which data from the environment are collected and utilised

Question 2

What is the input stage?

Answer 2

information picked up by the senses

Question 3

What is the display?

Answer 3

the sporting environment

Question 4

What are the receptor systems?

Answer 4

the senses that pick up information from the display

Question 5

Name all the senses

Answer 5

• sight/vision
• auditory/ hearing
• touch
• balance
• kinesthesis

Question 6

What is kinesthesis?

Answer 6

the inner sense that gives information about body position and muscular tension

Question 7

What are examples of external senses?

Answer 7

• sight

- hearing

Question 8

What are examples of internal senses?

Answer 8

• touch
• balance
• kinesthesis

Question 9

What is selective attention?

Answer 9

filtering relevant information from irelevent information

Question 10

Define stimuli

Answer 10

the important and relevant items of information from the display

Question 11

Examples of stimuli

Answer 11

flight of the ball, incoming defender

Question 12

What is perception?

Answer 12

the process of coding and interpreting sensory information

Question 13

What are translatory mechanisms?

Answer 13

adapting and comparing coded information to memory so that decisions can be made

Question 14

What is the effector mechanism?

Answer 14

the network of nerves that sends coded impulses to the muscles

Question 15

What is the central executive?

Answer 15

the control centre of the working memory model, it uses 3 other systems to control all the information moving in or out of the memory system

Question 16

What 3 systems are used by the central executive?

Answer 16

1. The phonological loop
2. The visuospatial sketchpad
3. The episodic buffer

Question 17

What is the function of the phonological loop?

Answer 17

deal with auditory information from the senses and helps produce the memory trace

Question 18

What is the function of the visuospatial sketchpad?

Answer 18

used to temporarily store visual and spatial information

Question 19

What are the 2 sections in the visuospatial sketchpad?

Answer 19

• visual cache

- inner scribe

Question 20

What is the function of the visual cache?

Answer 20

holds information about form and colour

Question 21

What is the function of the inner scribe?

Answer 21

deals with spatial and movement information

Question 22

What is the function of the episodic buffer?

Answer 22

co-ordinates sight , hearing and movement information from the working memory into sequences to be sent to the LTM

Question 23

Define the long-term memory

Answer 23

receives information from the working memory and has unlimited capacity for the storage of motor programmes

Question 24

Describe the features of the memory system

Answer 24

• the working memory has a limited capacity- can only deal with up to 7 pieces of information at a time
• the working memory has a limited time scale-around 30 seconds
• long-term memory has a large capacity and can store information for a lifetime

Question 25

Describe the functions of the memory system

Answer 25

- the working memory initiates the action by sending a memory trace - important info can be stored in the LTM in the form of a motor programme (a more permanent trace of a skill consisting of the components of the skill)

Question 26

State the strategies a coach could use to store information in the LTM

Answer 26

- rewards: to motivate performer to remember correct actions - association: of actions you wish to learn with appropriate actions or emotions already stored in the memory - mental practice: when parts or sub-routines are imagined over and over, particularly helpful for serial skills - breaking the task down/chunking: prevents information overload - focus and concentrate: helps the selective attention process - repetition - chaining: when items of information are recalled as a sequence

Question 27

Define association

Answer 27

linking the stored actions of a skill to a stored emotion or another action

Question 28

Define chunking

Answer 28

breaking the skilled action into sub-routines or parts

Question 29

What is chaining?

Answer 29

when items of information are recalled as a sequence, so one movement links to the next

Question 30

What is a motor programme?

Answer 30

a set of movements stored in the memory that specify the components of the skill

Question 31

What are the 4 parameters of a schema?

Answer 31

1. initial conditions 2. response specifications 3. sensory consequences 4. response outcome

Question 32

Which 2 parameters of a schema are recall?

Answer 32

initial conditions and response specifications

Question 33

Which 2 parameters of a schema are recognition?

Answer 33

sensory consequences and response outcome

Question 34

Define initial conditions

Answer 34

information from the environment

Question 35

Examples of initial conditions

Answer 35

- position on court - placement of limbs - location of performer with regard to other players - summed up as 'where am I?'

Question 36

Define response specifications

Answer 36

information about what to do

Question 37

Examples of response specifications

Answer 37

- how far away is the player so how far do i need to throw the ball - what type of pass is best - summed up as 'what do I need to do?'

Question 38

Define recognition consequences schema

Answer 38

controls movement, happens during action and concerns the use of the senses to help guide the movement

Question 39

Examples of recognition consequences

Answer 39

- grip of netball, controlled by touch | - strength of pass

Question 40

Define reaction time

Answer 40

the time taken from the onset of stimulus to the onset of response

Question 41

Define movement time

Answer 41

the time taken to complete the task

Question 42

Define response time

Answer 42

the time taken from the onset of a stimulus to the completion of the task. response time= reaction time + movement time

Question 43

Define simple reaction time

Answer 43

when there is one specific response to one stimulus

Question 44

Example of simple reaction time

Answer 44

a sprinter responding to the starting gun

Question 45

Define choice reaction time

Answer 45

choosing from numerus stimuli or choosing a number of responses once the correct stimulus has been chosen

Question 46

What is Hick's law?

Answer 46

reaction time increases as the number of choices increases

Question 47

What is the single-channel hypothesis?

Answer 47

stimuli can only be processed one at a time

Question 48

What is the psychological refractory period?

Answer 48

a delay when a second stimulus is presented before the first has been processed

Question 49

Define anticipation

Answer 49

pre-judging a stimulus

Question 50

What is temporal anticipation?

Answer 50

when is it going to happen

Question 51

What is spatial anticipation?

Answer 51

where is it going to happen and what will happen

Question 52

How do you improve response time?

Answer 52

1. mental practice- the response preparation process is improved and action can be predicted 2. training to a specific stimulus 3. make stimulus intense so that performer focuses 4. improving fitness 5. using anticipation to predict the stimulus

Question 53

State implications for coaching when using schema

Answer 53

- a novice may not have developed a motor programme when can be used to adapt and update information - changing environmental influences might affect initial conditions of the schema

Question 54

What are the 3 parts to information processing?

Answer 54

1) input 2) decision making 3) output

Question 55

What is a schema?

Answer 55

an adapted motor programme | a set of concepts that can be adapted to the situation