Section A

Question 1

• Systematic approach for seeking and organizing knowledge about the natural world
• ultimate goal is to achieve thorough understanding of whatever is being studied

Answer 1

Science

Question 2

• Systematic observations that can be quantified, classified, and examined
• simply describing what you see, objectively

Answer 2

Description

Question 3

• two events vary consistently
• AKA correlations

Answer 3

Prediction

Question 4

• functional relation
• experimental demonstration that manipulating one event results in another event
• highest level of scientific understanding

Answer 4

Control

Question 5

• all forms of life evolve as a result of selection with respect to function
• behaviors that produce the most favorable outcomes are selected and survive in the person’s repertoire

Answer 5

Selectionism

Question 6

• the belief that the universe is a lawful and orderly place and that all phenomena occur as the result of other events
• things don’t just happen, they are caused by other factors

Answer 6

Determinism

Question 7

• the practice of objective observation
• demands objective observation based on thorough description, systematic and repeated measurement, and precise quantification of the phenomena of interest

Answer 7

Empiricism

Question 8

• strategy of controlling and manipulating variables while carefully observing events
• when two events tend to covary, a functional relation may exist, but an experiment is necessary to investigate such possible existence

Answer 8

Experimentation

Question 9

• the repeating of experiments
• primary method in which scientists determine the reliability and usefulness of their findings and discover their mistakes

Answer 9

Replication

Question 10

• requires that all simple, logical explanations for the phenomena under investigation be ruled out experimentally or conceptually before more complex or abstract explanations are considered
• consists of only those elements with the fewest assumptions

Answer 10

Parsimony

Question 11

• healthy skepticism; requires scientists to continually question the truthfulness of what is regarded as a fact
• scientists must constantly be willing to set aside their own beliefs and findings and replace them with knowledge derived from new discoveries

Answer 11

Philosophical doubt

Question 12

• involves assessing the usefulness of an explanation/procedure in regards to outcomes and results
• just because something “should” work, doesn’t necessarily mean that it will work for a specific population

Answer 12

Pragmatism

Question 13

• philosophical and theoretical foundations of the science
• what people do can be understood

Answer 13

Behaviorism

Question 14

• basic research branch
• involves laboratory settings with both human and nonhuman subjects

Answer 14

Experimental Analysis of Behavior

Question 15

• science in which procedures derived from the principles of behavior are systematically applied to improve socially significant behavior to a meaningful degree and to demonstrate experimentally that the procedures employed were responsible for the improvement in behavior
• still includes experiments, but focuses on socially significant behavior

Answer 15

Applied Behavior Analysis

Question 16

• when a behavior analyst designs, implements, and evaluates behavior change programs that consist of behavior tactics derived from research into applied settings

Answer 16

Professional practice/service delivery

Question 17

• social significance of the behavior under investigation
• meaningful outcomes to improve the quality of people’s lives

Answer 17

Applied

Question 18

• behavior chosen for study must be the behavior in need of improvement
• behavior must be able to be measured - must be observable

Answer 18

Behavioral

Question 19

• researcher demonstrates a functional relation between the manipulated events and the behavior of interest
• there is a functional relation between the intervention and the behavior change

Answer 19

Analytical

Question 20

• all procedures used in the study are completely identified and precisely described
• important for the future replication of experiments and the correct implementation of interventions

Answer 20

Technological

Question 21

• describing the procedures for behavior change in terms of the relevant principles from which they were derived
• everything ties back to the basic principles of behavior analysis (reinforcement, extinction)

Answer 21

Conceptually systematic

Question 22

• improves the behavior under investigation to a practical degree
• does it work?

Answer 22

Effective

Question 23

• behavior change lasts over time, appears in environments other than the one in which the behavioral techniques were applied, or spreads to other behavior change

Answer 23

Generality

Question 24

• acknowledges the existence of mental events, but do not consider them in the study of behavior or behavior analysis
• only focuses on what can be observed

Answer 24

Methodological

Question 25

• includes and seeks to understand all human behavior by incorporating private events into an overall conceptual system of behavior
• private behavior is influenced by the same kinds of variables as all other observable behavior

Answer 25

Radical behaviorism