Section A - The Challenge Of Naturak Hazards

Question 1

What are the two types of crust in the Earth’s structure?

Answer 1

Continental and Oceanic

These crust types differ in composition and density.

Question 2

What is the thinnest layer of the Earth?

Answer 2

Crust

The crust includes both continental and oceanic crust.

Question 3

What layer of the Earth is located beneath the crust?

Answer 3

Mantle

The mantle is a thick layer of hot, semi-solid rock.

Question 4

What is the state of the Outer Core?

Answer 4

Liquid

The Outer Core is responsible for Earth’s magnetic field.

Question 5

What is the state of the Inner Core?

Answer 5

Solid

The Inner Core creates a magnetic field, contributing to the North and South Poles.

Question 6

Is oceanic crust denser than continental crust?

Answer 6

True

This density difference causes oceanic crust to subduct under continental crust at destructive plate margins.

Question 7

What happens to oceanic crust when it subducts?

Answer 7

It melts to form magma

This process occurs at destructive plate boundaries.

Question 8

What is the Lithosphere?

Answer 8

The crust and the most solid part of the mantle

The Lithosphere is rigid and includes both continental and oceanic crust.

Question 9

What is the focus

Answer 9

The point in the earth where the earthquake starts

Question 10

What is the epicentre

Answer 10

The point directly above the focus on the earths surface

Question 11

What is plate tectonic theory and who created it

Answer 11

Wegener

The theory that all contients used to be one super continent called Pangaea.

Question 12

How was the plate theory founded

Answer 12

Wegener realised that the east coast of South America and the west coast of Africa fit together like a puzzle

Question 13

What is believed to have split Pangaea

Answer 13

Convection currents

Question 14

What happens if these plates collide at a destructive plate margin
- a continental and oceanic plate
- two continental plate

Answer 14

The more dense oceanic plate subducts underneath the continental plate to melt and form magma

Neither of the continental plates subduct and the form fold mountains (himalayas)

Question 15

What happens at a constructive plate margin

Answer 15

When the two plates pull apart magma rises and hardens the fill the gap
Tension release causes earthquakes

Question 16

What happens at a conservative plate margin

Answer 16

At the two plates slide past each other friction builds up and when the plates suddenly release it causes a violent earthquake

Question 17

How do the two plates move at a conservative plate margin

Answer 17

Either in the same direction at a different pace of in different directions alongside each other

Question 18

What are primary effects, list three examples

Answer 18

Direct outcomes from the earthquake itself
Volcanic eruptions
Groundshaking
Ground rupture- visible breaking of the surface

Question 19

What are secondary effects and three examples

Answer 19

Secondary effects are indirect outcomes that occur as a consequence of the primary effects

Tsunamis - underwater earthquakes can misplace large volumes of water
Landslides
Fires- seismic activity ruputrre gas lines

Question 20

Examples of long term responses

Answer 20

Infrastructure reconstruction
Mental health support
Policy and planning- stronger policies and better planning for the future

Question 21

Examples of short term responses

Answer 21

Aid
Temporary shelter
Rescue missions

Question 22

Whydo winds move from high air pressure to low air pressure

Answer 22

So surface winds can be balanced out

Question 23

What causes high pressure
What causes low pressure

Answer 23

High pressure= descending cold winds
Low pressure = ascending warm winds

Question 24

What are seismic waves

Answer 24

Vibrations from the earthquake

Question 25

Explain the movement of the air in the atmosphere

Answer 25

Air rises at the equator due to solar radiation from the sun When the air reaches the edge of the atmosphere it travels north and south Once its far enough from the atmosphere at around 30 degrees it cools and falls The air rises again and 60 degreees and falls again at 90 degrees

Question 26

What are the three cells

Answer 26

Hadley cell ( at the equator), Ferrell cell and polar cell

Question 27

How are earthquakes and their severity measured

Answer 27

Using Moment magnitude scale If it is equal to or less then 6 there is little damage If it is 7 or higher there will be lots of damage and death

Question 28

The scale to measure earthquakes is logarithmic. What does this mean

Answer 28

1 magnitude is 10x bigger then the previous Eg: Magitude 7 is 10x bigger than magnitude 6

Question 29

What 3 conditions are needed for a tropical storm to form

Answer 29

Between 5-30 degrees south and north of the equator Sea temperature must be atleast 27 degrees wind sheer(difference in wind speed) must be low

Question 30

How do tropical storms form

Answer 30

When an ocean is heated air starts rising quickly . This causes low air pressure and wind speed increases and more air flows to balance the atmosphere Due to the Coriolis force the storm spins As the storm goes over the warm ocean energy from the heat fuels the storm

Question 31

What are the features and structures of a storm

Answer 31

The centre is called the eye- formed by descending air, light winds ,no rain The eye wall has spiraling rising air and very strong winds and rain Towards the edge of the storm wind speeds falls and the clouds become smaller

Question 32

How might climate change affect tropical storms

Answer 32

Frequency- longer periods of heat means oceans will stay at 27 degrees for longer, prolonging the period of tropical storms Distribution- oceans globally will start to heat up, meaning there will be tropical storms formed in oceans that do not usually experience this weather Intensity- the higher the sea temperature the stronger the storms

Question 33

How to reduce the effect of tropical storms

Answer 33

Prediction and monitoring - storms can be monitored using radar satellites. They can predict when and where storms will be Planning- future development can be avoided in low lying coastal areas Protection- buildings designed to withstand storms Emergency shelters

Question 34

What is climate change

Answer 34

Any significant change in the earths climate over a long period of time Example: the most recent geological time period spanning from 2.6 million years ago until now

Question 35

What three methods do scientists use to find out things from billions of years ago

Answer 35

Tree rings Ice and sediment cores Pollen analysis

Question 36

Explain how ice and sediment cores can be studied to provide us information about the past

Answer 36

Ice sheets are made up of layers of ice One layer forms each year Scientists drill out long cores of ice by analysing the gases trapped in each layer scientists can tell the temperature of every year

Question 37

Explain how tree rings can be studied to provide us information about the past

Answer 37

The amount of rings can tell us how old a tree is The thicker the rings the warmer and wetter the conditions were Reliable source of evidence for 100, 000 years

Question 38

Explain how pollen analysis can be studied to provide us information about the past

Answer 38

Pollen from plants gets preserved in sediment Scientists can identify and date preserved pollination to show which species were living at the time