SECTION B

Question 1

AGE - Marxist

Answer 1

• Engels (reserve army of labour)
• Gramsci (Reject hegemony)
• Townsend + Phillpson (Political economy theory)
• Zaretsky (Privatisation of family)

Question 2

AGE - Functionalist

Answer 2

• Parsons (Focus on new family)
• Cummings + Henry (Disengagement theory)
• Eisenstadt (Safety valve, let off steam)
• Abrahms (Spending power)

Question 3

AGE - Feminism

Answer 3

• Itzen (Cosmeticisation)
• Daly(Global pressure for physical standards)
• Gannonn (Menopause as disease)
• Heidensohn (Domestic sphere)

Question 4

AGE - Weberian

Answer 4

• Parker (Social closure)
• Havinghurst (Activity theory)
• Turner (Exchange theory)
• Weber (Less power)

Question 5

Old age - Healthcare

Answer 5

📊 51% old ppl say that they receive poor health care (New Age UK)

Hockey + James Infantalisation

Livesy - Healthcare professionals are ageist (eg. Reigate Grange Anne King 88yo)

Question 6

Old age - Work + employment

Answer 6

📊 38% discrimination cases at work are filed due to age (MORI)

Townsend + Phillipson - Political economy theory

Engels - Reserve army of labour

Question 7

Old age - Poverty

Answer 7

📊 16% pensioners are now in poverty

Parkin - Social closure theory

Itzen - Cosmeticisation due to lack of career staus

Question 8

Old age - Crime

Answer 8

📊 43% old people have been victims of fraud (Age UK)

Young - Elderly most vulnerable and repeat victims

Kercher - Elderly are targeted because they have low physical strength

Question 9

Young age - Crime

Answer 9

📊 63% stop and search in 2013 were aged 15-34 (Gov UK)

Fawbert - Hoodie moral panic

Cohen - Status frustration

Question 10

Young Age - Poverty

Answer 10

📊 33% children in poverty (CPAG)

Bourdieu - Lack of capitals

Question 11

Young age - Work + employment

Answer 11

📊 38% discrimination cases in workplace filed against age (MORI)

Zaretsky - Privatisation of the family

Engels - Reserve army of labour

Question 12

Young age - Education

Answer 12

📊 1.2% students bullied by teachers at least once a week

Willis - The lads

Becker - Ideal student image

Question 13

GENDER - Feminism

Answer 13

• Oakley - Primary socialisation
• Sharpe - Change in position of women
• Delphy + Leonard - Women oppressed in family
• Hidensohn - Control theory

Question 14

GENDER - Functionalism

Answer 14

• Murdock - Expressive role and breadwinner
• Parsons - Warm bath theory
• Rastogi- Inevitable than men have more human capital
• Durkheim - Division of labour and specialised roles

Question 15

GENDER - Marxism

Answer 15

• Engels - Reserve army of labour
• Ansley - Women are takers of rubbish
• Dalia Costa + James - Unpaid domestic labour
• Feeley - Patriarchal parenting authority

Question 16

GENDER - Weberian

Answer 16

• Barron + Norris - Dual labour market
• Davidson - Concrete cieling
• Weber - Less status and power
• Harnett - Myths against women in workplace

Question 17

GENDER MALE - Education

Answer 17

📊Boys are 4x likey to be expelled

Sewell - Triple quandry

Willis - The lads antischool subculture

Question 18

GENDER MEN - Work + Employment

Answer 18

📊 Men work 39 hours a week compared to 34 for women (ONS)

📊95% killed in workplace are men

Mac + Ghail - Crisis of masculinity due to decline in jobs

Question 19

GENDER MEN - Health

Answer 19

📊75% suicide rates in 2019 were men (Deparment of HSC)

📊Men 1.3x more likely to die in covid (Health Net)

Connell - Marginalised masculinity

Question 20

GENDER WOMEN - Crime

Answer 20

📊1 in 3 women experience physical abuse from partners

📊More than 1/4 sex crimes towards women are not recorded by the police

Walklate - Women remain in abusive relationships

Question 21

GENDER WOMEN - Poverty

Answer 21

📊1 in 4 women will be in poverty when they retire

📊Women make up 50% of the population but 70% of those in poverty

Barron + Norris - Dual labour market

Question 22

GENDER WOMEN - Work + employment

Answer 22

📊Up to 3000 women are sacked each year bc they are pregnant

📊Women only earn 80% of what men do, ONS

Davidson - Glass cieling

Question 23

GENDER WOMEN - Income

Answer 23

📊22% of women compared to 14% men have persistantly low income

📊70% people in minumum wage jobs are women (UK Parliament)

Engels - Reserve army of labour

Question 24

SOCIAL CLASS - Functionalist

Answer 24

Young - Meritocracy

Parsons - Value consensus

Davis + Moore - Role allocation

Cohen - Status frustration to let off steam

Question 25

SOCIAL CLASS - Marxism

Answer 25

**Bourdieu** - Lack of capitals **Gramsci** - Hejemony **Braverman** - Deskilled middle class **Castles + Kosack** - Divide and rule

Question 26

SOCIAL CLASS - Feminism

Answer 26

**Abbott** - Glass cieling **Sharpe** - Change in position **Roberts** - Women do not share social class with partner **Skeggs** - WC women humilated

Question 27

SOCIAL CLASS - Weberian

Answer 27

**Hutton** - 40/30/30 proportions **Barron + Norris** - Dual labour market **Weber** - Unequal division of power, status and power

Question 28

SOCIAL CLASS - Wealth

Answer 28

📊 Poorest 50% only have 10% of wealth (ONS) 📊In 2022, richest 10% have £1.9m compared to £15.4K in lowest socioeconomic groups **Bourdieu** - Lack of economic capital

Question 29

SOCIAL CLASS - Crime

Answer 29

📊In 2022, 52% crimes occured in disadvantaged areas **Kinsey** - WC repeat victims **Wilson + Kelling** - Visual signs of crime **Murray** - Underclass and dependancy culture

Question 30

SOCIAL CLASS - Education

Answer 30

📊In 2021, 60% A grade GCSEs went to private schools **Willis** - The lads **Becker** - Labellling theory

Question 31

ETHNICITY - Functionalist

Answer 31

**Patterson** - Host immigrant model **Roberts** - Ethnic economic power **Sewell** - Black people streetwise **Durkheim** - Balances norms

Question 32

ETHNICITY - Marxism

Answer 32

**Castles + Kosack** - Divide and rule, no overthrow **Miles** - Racism stops inclusion **Cox** - Justifies low pay **Hall** - Black mugging scapegoats

Question 33

ETHNICITY - Feminism

Answer 33

**Abbott** - Ignores black females **Brewer** - Reinforcing and multiplying inequalities **Mirza** - Black females challenge existing images **Connell** - Inequality in existing countries

Question 34

ETHNICITY - Weberian

Answer 34

**Barron + Norris** - Dual labour market **Rex + Tomlinson** - Black underclass **Davidson** - Concrete ceiling **Weber** - Lack of status and power

Question 35

ETHNICITY - Poverty

Answer 35

📊33% Pakistani + Bangladeshi live in deprived areas (2011 Consensus) **Castles + Kosack** - Divide and rule **Cox** - Justification of low pay

Question 36

ETHNICITY - Work + employment

Answer 36

📊20.5% of Pakistani + Bangladeshi are unemployed (The Guardian) 📊EM managers earn 25% less than white counterparts (Joseph RF) **Wood** - Ethnic names **Davidson** - Concrete ceiling

Question 37

ETHNICITY - Education

Answer 37

📊Afrocarribeans are 3x more likely to be excluded from school (FTT Education Datalab) 📊1/3 Muslim girls do not have any qualifications (The Guardian) **Ball** - Ethnocentric curriculum

Question 38

ETHNICITY - Crime

Answer 38

📊People of EM make up 27% of the prison population in comparison to 13% of general population (UK Prison Stats) 📊Black people are 7x more likely to be stopped and searched (The Guardian) **Bowling + Phillipson** - Inadeuquate evidence **Hall** - Black mugging scapegoats

Question 39

SOCIAL CLASS - Work + employment

Answer 39

📊In 2012, 20% Britons were paid below the standard deemed necessary for basic living standard **Castles + Kosack** - Divide and ruke **Engels** - Reserve army of labour