Section B - Animal Physiology

Question 0

Larynx

Answer 0

Voice box

Question 1

Epiglottis

Answer 1

Stops food getting into lungs when swallowed

Question 2

Trachea

Answer 2

Tube with incomplete rings of cartilage to allow protection and steady peristalsis through oesophagus
Cells with cilia to keep mucus away from lungs

Question 3

Diaphragm

Answer 3

Sheet of muscle with domed fibrous part in the centre.

Helps make breathing movements

Question 4

Internal/External intercostal muscles

Answer 4

Internal - down and in when breathing out

External - up and out when breathing in

Question 5

Pleural membranes

Answer 5

Form airtight seal around lungs and see rates rest of thorax from lungs

Question 6

Pleural fluid

Answer 6

Liquid filling pleural cavity to act as lubrication

Question 7

Problems with tobacco smoke

Answer 7

Cilia are destroyed which allows mucus to enter lungs
Emphysema - alveoli fuse together which greater reduces gas exchange efficiency
Lung Cancer - Caused by tar and other chemicals in the throat
Carbon Monoxide bonds with haemoglobin to lower oxygen levels in blood - problems for pregnant women
Increased risk of heart attack and stroke

Question 8

Carbohydrates

Answer 8

Sugars and starches
Simple - Glucose
Complex - Glycogen

Question 9

Test for Starch

Answer 9

Reddish-brown iodine goes blue-black in starch

Question 10

Test for simple carbohydrates

Answer 10

Blue Benedict’s solution goes orange-red when heated with simple sugars

Question 11

Simple calorimeter

Answer 11

Burn food to heat water

Question 12

Proteins

Answer 12

Long chains of amino acids found in meat
Used for body building
Contain nitrogen and sulphur as well as C, O and H

Question 13

Lipids

Answer 13

Made of fatty acids and glycerol

Used as energy store in body

Question 14

Vitamin A

Answer 14

Makes chemicals in retina, protects eye

Fish liver oils, carrots etc.

Question 15

Vitamin C

Answer 15

Sticks together cells lining surfaces in the body eg mouth

Citrus Fruits

Question 16

Vitamin D

Answer 16

Helps bones absorb calcium and phosphorus

Fish liver oils, butter, sunlight

Question 17

Calcium

Answer 17

Makes bones and teeth

Dairy products

Question 18

Iron

Answer 18

Makes haemoglobin in red blood cells

Red meats, green vegetables

Question 19

Importance of water in body

Answer 19

Acts as a solvent in body for breaking up large molecules by hydrolysis
Carries substances around body

Question 20

Importance of fibre

Answer 20

Keeps gut muscles working. Also absorbs water

Question 21

Carbohydrase

Answer 21

Amylase, Maltase
Found in salivary glands, pancreas, small intestine
Acts on starch
Breaks it up into glucose

Question 22

Protease

Answer 22

Pepsin, trypsin
Found in stomach, pancreas, small intestine
Works on protein
Breaks it up into amino acids

Question 23

Lipase

Answer 23

Found in pancreas, small intestine
Works on lipids
Breaks it up into fatty acids and glycerol

Question 24

Digestion process

Answer 24

Absorption in villi Assimilation in cells Egestion of waste products NOT excretion of metabolic waste

Question 25

Blood vessels in the body

Answer 25

Aorta / Vena Cava - Main artery/vein Pulmonary - Lungs Hepatic - Liver Renal - Kidneys

Question 26

Blood vessels

Answer 26

Artery - Thick wall to transport oxygenated blood at high pressure Capillary - Very thin wall for easy food and gas exchange Vein - Large space for transporting deoxygenated blood at low pressure

Question 27

Phases of the heart

Answer 27

Blood is forced out into the arteries, heart contracts - Systole Heart relaxes and fills up - Diastole

Question 28

Blood Clotting

Answer 28

Injury - Platelets Arrive Platelets break open - if calcium ions are there then thrombin is made Thrombin turns fibrinogen into fibrin Fibrin forms insoluble protein mass which forms a clot and stops blood loss

Question 29

Ways in which antibodies work

Answer 29

Make the pathogens stick together for easy collection by phagocytes Act as label so pathogens are more easily identifiable Cause bacterial cells to burst open Neutralise toxins produced by bacteria

Question 30

Nervous System response

Answer 30

``` Stimulus Receptor Coordination Effector Response ```

Question 31

Nerve cell

Answer 31

Neurone

Question 32

Nerve

Answer 32

Bundle of neurones

Question 33

Synapses

Answer 33

Chemical transmitters released across a distance where a nerve impulse cannot reach

Question 34

Reflex reactions

Answer 34

``` Sensory receptor Sensory neurone goes to synapse Relay neurone goes to another synapse Motor neurone Response from body ```

Question 35

Endocrine System

Answer 35

Hormones

Question 36

Hormone locations

Answer 36

Pituitary Gland - ADH - controls water content of blood through kidney Pancreas - insulin + glucagon - changes blood glucose levels Adrenal Glands - Adrenaline - prepares body for fight or flight Ovaries - Oestrogen - controls development of sexual characteristics Progesterone - regulates menstrual cycle Testes - Testosterone - controls development of sexual characteristics + involved in sperm production

Question 37

Blood glucose level control

Answer 37

Insulin - high glucose level Glucose into glycogen Glucagon - Low glucose level Glycogen into glucose

Question 38

Structure of Kidney

Answer 38

Glomerulus - Ball of Capillaries Bowman's Capsule - Receives glomerular filtrate by diffusion First And second coiled tubule - reabsorbs protein and glucose Loop of Henle - Selectively absorbs water depending on permeability changed by ADH

Question 39

Body temperature control

Answer 39

Sweating - more heat loss by evaporation Vasodilation of capillaries - epidermis region of skin - more heat loss by radiation Vasoconstriction - less heat loss by radiation Hair erector muscles trap layer of air to prevent heat loss

Question 40

Male sexual hormones

Answer 40

FSH - From pituitary gland, stimulates sperm production LH - Stimulates testes to produce testosterone Testosterone - development of male secondary characteristics

Question 41

Female sexual hormones

Answer 41

FSH - Stimulates ova development - highest after menstruation LH - Stimulates release of egg - Highest when uterine lining is grown Oestrogen - Stimulates build up of uterine lining - highest after menstruation Progesterone - Stimulates blood vessel growth for arrival of ovum - highest after ovulation

Question 42

Baby development

Answer 42

Fertilised ovum Zygote - Bundle of cells Embryo - more cells - placenta forms to pass food and oxygen to baby Foetus - growing child - connected to placenta by umbilical cord