Section B1 - Conflict in Korea Flashcards
(48 cards)
1
Q
When was a stalemate reached in the Korean War?
A
End of January 1951 - 2 sides now facing off on 38th parallel
2
Q
What did the armistice agree?
A
- The 38th parallel would mark out the divide and either side wold have a 2 mike demilitarised zone
- All military forces to return to their own country
- The repatriation o.f. prisoners would begin
3
Q
Where was the armistice signed?
A
Panmunjom - July 1953 (after 2 years of negotiations)
4
Q
How did Korea benefit from the Korean War? (3)
A
- Protected with the condition that no further warfare would take place
- South signed Mutual Defence Treaty with the USA (both would support eachother if attacked
- economic benefits through closer links with superpowers
5
Q
How did the UN benefit from the Korean War? (2)
A
- Earned respect - achieved joint action showing effective organisation
- Combined force used to stop aggression
6
Q
How did the USA benefit from the Korean War? (3)
A
- Saved south from communism - containment policy seen to work
- Guaranteed long term security of Formosa (pro-American capitalist government of Taiwan)
- SEATO (South East Asia Treaty Organisation) to stop communism in far east
7
Q
How did the USSR benefit from the Korean War? (3)
A
- friends with China - damaged as potential rival
- promoted Stalin’s image as defender of communism
- Conflict between USA and China strengthened their own position as dominant communist power
8
Q
How did China benefit from the Korean War? (4)
A
- respect from communist supporters in Asia
- saved North from US control
- Financial and military aid from USSR
- By supporting the North, gained 300km of buffer zone from the US (wold avoid military spending on protecting Korean border)
9
Q
What were the losses for Korea as a result of the Korean War? (3)
A
- 2.5 million deaths (many civilians, equal from north/south)
- 1/10 of civilians died, industry and agriculture destroyed
- 600,000 homes destroyed - millions of refugees
- neither side gained united Korea
10
Q
What were the losses for the UN as a result of the Korean War? (2)
A
- 30,000 died (mostly US)
- Upset China by recognising Formosa as Chinese Government
11
Q
What were the losses for the USA as a result of the Korean War? (4)
A
- 30,000 deaths 100,000 wounded
- Defence spending increased $12-60 billion (14% of GNP in 1953)
- didn’t free north from communism
- committed itself to stop further spread of communism in SE Asia (proves costly in Vietnam)
12
Q
What were the losses for China as a result of the Korean War? (4)
A
- 900,000 casualties
- lost potential trade with USA - not allowed to join UN
- didn’t win South Korea for communism
- increased US support for Formosa and Chiang Kai-Shek
13
Q
What were the losses for the USSR as a result of the Korean War? (2)
A
- expensive arms race with USA - meant decline in consumer goods production - leading to protests about communist control in East Europe
14
Q
How many causal ties did China have from the Korean War?
A
900,000
15
Q
How much buffer zone did China gain from the US?
A
300km
16
Q
How many Korean deaths were there as a result of the Korean War?
A
2.5 million - 1/10 civilians
17
Q
How many homes were destroyed in Korea?
A
600,000
18
Q
What did South Korea and the USA sign at the end of the Korean War?
A
Mutual Defence Treaty
19
Q
What did SEATO do and stand for?
A
South East Asia Treaty Organisation - stopped communism in the far east
20
Q
How much did the USA spend on defence during WW2?
A
$12-60 billion - 14% of GNP in 1953
21
Q
How many Americans died and were wounded in the Korean War?
A
30,000 died
100,000 wounded
22
Q
What was the background to the Korean War?
A
- 2nd September 1945 - Japanese surrendered to the USA and WW2 ended
- US now controlled Japan and a lot of Asia, the USSR had fought against Japan and had Red Army troops in Manchuria and Northern Korea
- China had been devastated by 8 years of war by Japan - USSR and China both relied on US financial support after the war - USA was also more advanced militarily (had atom bomb) - France was also trying to regain control over Indo China at this time (Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia) and the UK possessed India, Burma and Malaya but went bankrupt and left Asia - US took over influence
- August 1945 - peace negotiations at Potsdam split Korea into 2 zones of occupation (38th parallel, US in South etc)
- 1945 - US had a lot of power - 2/3 of gold reserves, produced half the world’s manufactured goods - 1,200 warships - UN in New York
- first assumed that the superpowers wouldn’t be interested in Korean affairs - but RoK and DPRoK formed in 1948
23
Q
What are the causes of the Korean War?
A
- US Relations with China and fear of communism
- The division of Korea
- The role of foreign communist powers
- The role of foreign capitalist powers
24
Q
When did Japan surrender to the USA?
A
2nd September 1945
25
Where did the USSR have its troops following WW2?
Manchuria - Red Army
26
Why was China damaged after WW2?
just had 8 years of war against Japan so relied on US for financial support (as well as the USSR)
27
Which peace negotiations took place which agreed to split Korea?
Peace negotiations at Potsdam in August 1945
28
How powerful was the USA in 1945?
Very powerful
- 2/3 of the world's gold reserves
- half of the world's shipping and manufactured goods produced there
- 1,200 warships 2,000 heavy bombers
- UN situated in New York
29
How did US relations with China and their fear of communism cause the Korean War?
- huge anti-communist feeling in US after USSR took many Eastern European countries by force by 1949
- 1946-49 the US gave nationalists under Chiang Kai-Shek $2 billion to stop communists taking over China - he lost and retreated to Taiwan
- Truman started the Truman Doctrine in 1947 which stated that America would contain communism - saw communism spread to Malaya, Indonesia, Burma and Philippines
- refused to recognise the new communist government of China under Mao Zedong - continued diplomacy with nationalist government in Taiwan
30
How much money did the US give Chiang Kai-Shek to stop communism in China?
$2 billion - but it didn't work and he retreated to Taiwan
31
What stated that the US would contain communism?
The Truman Doctrine of 1947
32
How did the Division of Korea cause the Korean War?
- Kim Il Sung led the North in a one-party system - had been trained in the USSR - worked to increase support against the south by asking Stalin for help - used guerrilla tactics against the south and claimed there were 200,000 communist supporters already there
- Syngman Rhee won elections in the south in 1948 - very anti-communist so had US support who helped him set up Republic of Korea in August 1948 - asked US to provide weapons for north invasion
- Hatred between Rhee and Kim led to North Korean invasion in 1950 - overwhelmed the south and by September, only a small corner of the South was under communist control - the US would have to respond
33
How many communist supporters were said to be in the south?
200,000
34
When was the Republic of Korea set up?
August 1948
35
How did the role of foreign communist powers cause the Korean War?
- Stalin was reluctant to help Kim as he didn't want to upset the USA - this changed when China became communist
- Stalin wanted to prove himself to Mao (leader of communism in Asia) and he was upset after his failed attempt to blockade West Berlin to make it communist - Korea was an opportunity to get revenge on America, also wanted to damage US power and strengthen USSR borders
- February 1950, Stalin agreed to provide NK with 1600 pieces of artillery and 258 T-34 tanks but refused to provide troops as he didn't want to risk war
- Mao wanted to regain Taiwan and not upset the US so didn't get involved
- mid 1950 onwards - "military volunteers" were sent to support NK - China wanted to be seen as supporting communism
- November 1950 - China pressured into intervening
36
How much artillery did Stalin provide North Korea and when?
1600 pieces of artillery in February 1950
37
When did Mao provide "military volunteers" to NK?
from mid 1950
38
How did the role of foreign capitalist powers cause the Korean War?
- until 1949, USA was focused on Japan and the threat of the USSR in Europe
- following the NK invasion in 1950 warships and advisors were sent to Korea
- Americans were alarmed at the spread of communism and believed North Korea was trying to unsettle Asia and that this might spread to Europe
- USSR was boycotting the Security Council of the UN because it refused to accept the communist government in China as legal - meaning that it couldn't veto the UN resolution which caused for immediate ceasefire in Korea
- the USA could now turn their intervention in Korea into a UN intervention - biggest contributor to the UN so had a big say - removed responsibility from US yet allowed it to contain communism as it had international backing for involvement
39
What happened in the Korean War between June-September 1950?
1. June 1950 - North advances into south, helped by USSR and Chinese equipment, pushes troops back to Pusan
2. Chinese troops amass in Manchuria, ready to move in to support the communists
3. UN forces assemble ready to fight back - 29 states have agreed to provide military, economic and medical aid
40
What happened in the Korean War between September - November 1950?
1. September 1950 - UN force is gathered from 29 states - general MacArthur is in charge
2. UN wants to cut off communist supply lines that pass through Seoul, so they storm ashore at Inchon
3. At the same time as this, other UN and South Korean troops advance from Pusan
4. By the end of September, South has retaken Seoul and NK is driven back beyond the 38th parallel
5. MacArthur ignores China's warning that pushing too far North will bring China into the war - and US forces have reached the Yalu River by October (clearly trying to get rid of communism entirely)
41
What happened in the Korean war between December 1950 - June 1951?
1. Late October 1950, 200,000 Chinese troops launch attack with modern tanks/planes from the USSR - committed to communism and hate US
2. January 1951 - US pushed out of Seoul
3. A few weeks later US troops push Chinese back to the 38th parallel - a stalemate is reached
4. March 1951 - MacArthur openly threatens China with nuclear weapons - Truman had warned him not to and so he sacked MacArthur as he believed the objective of removing communism from South Korea had been achieved
42
What happened in the Korean War between June 1951 - July 1953?
1. June 1951 - peace talks between North and South begins - no progress is made since there is a dispute over the exchange of prisoners
2. 1952 - Truman replaced by Eisenhower who wanted to end the war - Stalin dies in 1953 and is replaced by the less aggressive Malenkov
3. Armistice signed in Panmunjom in July 1953
43
How many states agreed to provide aid to the UN army after North Korea's invasion of the South?
29
44
Who was in charge of the UN troops in the Korean War?
MacArthur
45
Give a brief timeline of the Korean war
1. June 1950 - North pushes South back to Pusan
2. September 1950 - UN forces advance from Inchon and Pusan
3. By October 1950 - US forces reach Yalu River
4. End of October 1950 - 200,000 Chinese troops advance - push US out of Seoul by January 1951
5. March 1951 - MacArthur threatens China and Truman sacks him
6. June 1951 - peace talks begin
7. 1952 - peace talks begin again, Eisenhower becomes president
8. 1953 - Stalin dies, Malenkov is less aggressive
9. July 1953 - armistice signed at Panmunjom
46
Which border does MacArthur take his troops to in the Korean War?
Yalu River
47
How many Chinese troops attacked in the Korean War?
200,000
48
Why do peace talks between North and South Korea in 1951 not advance?
there was a dispute over the exchange of prisoners
