Section Bank

Question 1

Primary Alcohols are oxidized first to

Answer 1

aldehydes

Question 2

Secondary Alcohols are oxidized to

Answer 2

Ketones

Question 3

Primary Alcohols are fully oxidized to

Answer 3

carboxylic acids

Question 4

aldehydes are oxidized to

Answer 4

carboxylic acids

Question 5

Alkanes are oxidized to

Answer 5

carboxylic acids

Question 6

alkenes are oxidized to

Answer 6

aldehyde or ketone, carboxylic acid, diols, epoxide

Question 7

Alkynes are oxidized to

Answer 7

carboxylic acids

Question 8

Diols are oxidized to

Answer 8

aldehydes

Question 9

ketones are oxidized to

Answer 9

esters

Question 10

aldehydes are reduced to

Answer 10

primary alcohols

Question 11

ketones are reduced to

Answer 11

secondary alcohols

Question 12

amides are reduced to

Answer 12

primary amines

Question 13

carboxylic acids are reduced to

Answer 13

primary alcohols

Question 14

Esters are reduced to

Answer 14

primary alcohols

Question 15

Enolate intermediates form during

Answer 15

keto and enol resonance in carbonyl groups (keto more stable)

Question 16

Oxidation

Answer 16

loss of electrons

Question 17

Reduction

Answer 17

gain of electrons

Question 18

Mesylates and Tosylates are used to

Answer 18

make alcohols better leaving groups or as protecting groups

Question 19

Mesylates and Tosylates are formed by

Answer 19

protonating alcohols

Question 20

Mesylates contain what functional group?

Answer 20

-SO3CH3

Question 21

Tosylates contain what functional group?

Answer 21

-SO3C6H4CH3

Question 22

Quinones and HydroxyQuinones are produced by

Answer 22

treating phenols with oxidizing agents, first oxidized to quinone and then to hydroxyquinone

Question 23

Quinones and hydroxyquinones are electrophilic or nucleophilic?

Answer 23

electrophilic

Question 24

Nucleophilic Addition of an aldehyde produces

Answer 24

an alcohol

Question 25

Hydration of aldehydes and ketones produces

Answer 25

geminal diols

Question 26

Aldehydes and ketones treated with one equivalent of alcohol produce

Answer 26

hemiacetyls/hemiketals

Question 27

Aldehydes and ketones treated with two equivalents of alcohol produce

Answer 27

acetyls/ketals

Question 28

Imines are produced by:

Answer 28

ketones or aldehydes undergo an addition of nitrogen from ammonia (condensation/nucleophilic substitution)

Question 29

Enamines and Imines

Answer 29

are formed by tautomerization

Question 30

Cyanohydrins are produced by

Answer 30

hydrogen dissociates from HCN and the nucleophilic CN anion attacks the carbonyl carbon on aldehydes and ketones followed by reprotonation

Question 31

Aldol Condensation

Answer 31

aldehyde or ketone acts as an electrophile and a nucleophile to create an aldol that contains an aldehyde and an alcohol group

Question 32

When is a reaction under Kinetic Control?

Answer 32

with temperatures are lower, and reaction proceeds quickly

Question 33

Products under kinetic control are more or less stable?

Answer 33

less

Question 34

When is a reaction under thermodynamic control?

Answer 34

when temperatures are higher and the reaction will proceed slower

Question 35

Products under thermodynamic control are more or less stable?

Answer 35

more

Question 36

Thin Lens Formula

Answer 36

1/o + 1/i = 1/f

Question 37

Sound Intensity Calculation

Answer 37

I (dB) = 10 log [I/Io]

Question 38

Calculating Keq from ΔG (standard state)

Answer 38

ΔG(ss) = -RT ln Keq Keq = e ^-ΔG(ss)/RT

Question 39

When there is a negative formal charge the electron configuration has:

Answer 39

more electrons

Question 40

When there is a positive formal charge the electron configuration has:

Answer 40

less electrons

Question 41

When removing electrons in a electron configuration they are removed from the

Answer 41

outermost shell (goes by the NUMBER in front)

Question 42

Vmax is

Answer 42

the maximum rate of the reaction, the y-axis intercept on a Line Weaver- Burk Plot

Question 43

Michaelis Menton Equation

Answer 43

Vo = Vmax [S] / Km + [S]

Question 44

Michaelis Constant (Km)

Answer 44

is the concentration of substrate when our reaction speed is half of Vmax (the x-axis intercept on a Lineweaver-Burk Plot)

Question 45

Kcat Equation

Answer 45

Kcat= Vmax/[E]t

Question 46

Catalytic Efficiency Equation

Answer 46

Kcat / Km

Question 47

Kcat is the

Answer 47

enzyme turnover number

Question 48

To increase catalytic efficiency:

Answer 48

increase Kcat or decease Km

Question 49

Glycoside Formation

Answer 49

anomeric carbon undergoes nucleophilic attack and a functional group is added creating a glycosidic linkage (R-O-R)

Question 50

Aldose vs Ketose

Answer 50

Aldose: one -CH2OH group Ketose: two -CH2OH groups

Question 51

How many H bonds in A-T nucleotide bonds:

Answer 51

2

Question 52

How many H bonds in C-G nucleotide Bonds:

Answer 52

3

Question 53

Purines

Answer 53

A and G (2 rings)

Question 54

Pyrimidines

Answer 54

C and T (1 ring)

Question 55

Intermediate in an nucleophilic acyl substitution

Answer 55

tetrahedral

Question 56

Condensation of 2 carboxylic acids forms an

Answer 56

anhydrides

Question 57

Decarboxylation is the

Answer 57

loss of a carboxyl group as CO2 and replaced with a hydrogen

Question 58

Soaponification

Answer 58

reaction with long chain fatty acids and NaOH or KOH to create a salt (soap), that has a nonpolar tail and a polar carboxylate head

Question 59

Peptide bonds are formed between the

Answer 59

carbonyl carbon and the N of the next peptide residue

Question 60

Peptide bonds are formed via:

Answer 60

condensation reactions

Question 61

SN1

Answer 61

2 steps intermediate has a carbocation the MORE substituted the more stable racemic mixture

Question 62

SN2

Answer 62

1 step back side attack creating an inversion in stereochemistry the LESS substituted the carbon the more stable

Question 63

Ternary Complex formed with

Answer 63

2 substrate molecules and an enzyme