Section C Flashcards

Question

Filtration

Answer 1

Passive process whereby molecules are moved across the membrane because of greater pressure on the side where particles are leaving In the body filtration is powered by the blood pressure

Answer 2

equal concentration of solutes (dissolved substances) and solvent (water) inside and outside cell; cell shape is maintained

Answer 3

higher concentration of water (lower concentration of solutes) outside cell; water moves into cell causing it to swell and eventually lyse

Answer 4

lower concentration of water (higher concentration of solutes) outside cell; water moves out of cell causing it to shrink or crenate

Answer 5

``` Requires energy (ATP) and typically molecules move from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration Requires a protein carrier (often called pumps) ```

Answer 6

Energy is required Cell membrane encloses a substance (to large for diffusion) outside of the cell forming a vesicle and then invaginates Phagocytosis = larger molecules brought into the cell Pinocytosis = liquid brought into the cell

Answer 7

Energy is required Opposite of endocytosis, the movement out of the cell a vesicle fuses with the plasma membrane as secretion (expulsion) occurs

Answer 8

Combination of endocytosis and exocytosis going on simultaneously

Answer 9

Programmed cell death” Destroys cells that may have mutated and pose the danger of becoming a cancer It also helps to delete those immune cells that may recognize our own body as foreign Some specialized cells no longer go through the cell cycle Muscle cells Nerve cells

Answer 10

About 90% of a cell’s life is spent in interphase

Answer 11

Before replication, the two strands of DNA are hydrogen bonded together Parental DNA strands unwind (hydrogen bonds are broken) New complimentary nucleotides pair with nucleotides in the parental DNA strands and DNA polymerase joins the new nucleotides When replication is complete, two identical double helix molecules have been formed Each strand of this double helix is equivalent to a chromatid

Answer 12

Chromatin is condensing to form chromosomes; each consists of two identical sister chromatids joined near the center by a centromere Centrioles move to opposite ends of the cell and spindle fibers attach the centrioles to the centromeres of each of the chromosomes

Answer 13

Chromosomes line up at the middle of the cell along an imaginary line called the metaphase plate or equatorial plate

Answer 14

Spindle fibers that attach the centromere to the centrioles shorten and drag the sister chromatids to opposite ends of the cell

Answer 15

Nuclear envelope starts to form around the chromosomes that start to unwind to form the threadlike chromatin

Answer 16

zero to roughly 50-75 divisions

Answer 17

Ability to constantly divide | Skin cells, cells lining the gastrointestinal tract, and blood cells in the bone marrow

Answer 18

Divide when necessary | Hepatocytes (liver cells) have the ability to multiply when the liver is injured

Answer 19

``` Do not have the ability to multiply A neuron (nerve cell) is an example of this type of cell ```

Answer 20

``` Pathological cell death Myocardial infarction (heart attack) results in the necrosis of cardiac muscle cells ```

Answer 21

The smallest intact component of all matter The basic unit of an element that enters into a chemical combination Cannot be broken down into any simpler form of matter

Answer 22

Protons - positively charged (+) Neutrons - no charge Electrons - negatively charged (-)

Answer 23

Number of protons in the nucleus of an atom (Positive charge) (Atomic Number = number of electrons) Number of protons (+) = Number of electrons (-) neutral charge

Answer 24

Total number of Protons + Neutrons in the nucleus (P + N) Atomic number + number of neutrons Number of neutrons = difference between the mass number and atomic number

Answer 25

Atoms that have the same Atomic Number but different Mass Number Atoms with the same number of Protons, but different number of Neutrons

Answer 26

amount of energy required by an electron to stay in orbit Each shell can hold a maximum number of electrons This can be determined by the formula X = 2n2 X is the maximum number of electrons in energy number n n represents energy level / shell number 1st level - 2, 2nd level - 8 3rd level - 8 4th level - 2

Answer 27

Elements are arranged in order of increasing atomic number from left to right Atomic number shown above the symbol Elements are arranged horizontally in rows called periods The vertical columns are called groups/families 1st smallest number is the atomic number the symbol is the atomic symbol the lowest number is the atomic mass

Answer 28

cannot be broken down into simpler substances even by a chemical reaction

Answer 29

Metals Nonmetals Metalloid Noble Gases

Answer 30

Chemical elements that are good conductor of both electricity and heat Exist as solids at room temperature (except mercury) Form cations and ionic bonds with non- metals Metals occupy the bulk of the periodic table

Answer 31

protein carbs, fats | Sodium (Na), Potassium (K), Magnesium (Mg), Calcium (Ca), Chloride (Cl)

Answer 32

minerals in the body | Iron (Fe), Cobalt (Co), Copper (Cu), Zinc (Zn), Fluoride (F

Answer 33

Poor conductors of heat and electricity when compared to metals Exist as solids, liquids and gases at room temperature They form acidic oxides (whereas metals generally form basic oxides) Nonmetals – recevies electrons Metals-give off electrons

Answer 34

diagonal separation of metals and non-metals Have properties of both metals and nonmetals Metalloids often behave as semiconductors Can carry an electric charge under special conditions This property makes metalloids useful in computers and calculators

Answer 35

An electrically neutral group of at least two or more atoms | Can be of the same or different nonmetal elements – held together by covalent bonds

Answer 36

Proteins are required for building and repair of body tissues Involved in structural support & bodily movement Can also be a source of energy made of amino acids contain Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen

Answer 37

Antibodies that defend the body against infectious agents Transport proteins – hemoglobin and myoglobin The structure of a protein determines its function

Answer 38

end products of protein digestion are amino acids Amino acids are joined together by peptide bonds between the carboxyl and amino groups (amine) Growth, repair and maintenance of all cells depends on amino acids The synthesis of body proteins, including plasma, intracellular and structural protein

Answer 39

The sequence (linear) in which amino acids are lined up and connected by peptide bonds Dipeptide – Two amino acids combine Polypeptide – Many (> 3) amino acids combine The long repetitive sequence of amino acids that make a continuous chain is called the protein’s backbone

Answer 40

Twisting or folding of the protein chain (primary) into a spiral or coil Called α helix; or parallel strands – called β pleated sheet Held by hydrogen bonds between the H of the NH of one amino acid and the O of the C=O of another amino acid

Answer 41

Protein chains folded into specific three-dimensional shape held by: Hydrogen bonds Ionic bonds Disulfide bonds (-S-S- bonds) This shape is vital for the function of enzymes and the biological activity of other proteins

Answer 42

noncovalent interactions Combination of several protein units (subunits) with its own complete structure Example – Hemoglobin

Answer 43

A chain of nucleotides produced by transcription of DNA Ribose C5H10O5 Single chain or strand The sugar is ribose and the base thymine is replaced by uracil Adenine is always bounded to Uracil RNA is made up of – nucleotides (with a nitrogenous base), a ribose sugar, and a phosphate group RNA – transfer information from DNA to the ribosome

Answer 44

When a particular protein is needed by a cell – DNA chain separates One chain act as a template for RNA DNA sequence is enzymatically copied by an RNA polymerase to produce a complementary RNA (mRNA) In other words, the transfer of genetic information from DNA into RNA

Answer 45

Grouping of three nucleotides on a mRNA molecule | Codes for one of the 20 natural amino acids

Answer 46

Contain/carry the information on the primary sequence of amino acids in a protein to be synthesized (in the cytoplasm)

Answer 47

"reads" the mRNA codon by using its own anticodon carries the amino acid to be incorporated into the developing protein each tRNA is specific for a certain amino acid

Answer 48

rRNA and protein combine to form a nucleoprotein called a ribosome Ribosome serves as the site and carries the enzyme necessary for protein synthesis

Answer 49

Major food source and energy supply for the body Stored in the liver and muscle as glycogen The primary way for cells to obtain energy is through the oxidation of carbohydrates – ATP Supply carbon for the synthesis of cell components Organic compounds containing only C, H and 0 Ratio of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen is 1:2:1 Functional groups - an aldehyde (aldose)---(O=CH) or ketone (ketose)----(O=C)

Answer 50

Polysaccharides such as starch and glycogen are first hydrolyzed by enzymes to Glucose Glucose is transported by blood in animals and cell sap in plants Glucose is then oxidized to produce carbon dioxide and water Energy is released in this process which is used for functioning of the cells Energy can be extracted from carbohydrates, fats and when necessary, proteins

Answer 51

educe other compounds Must contain ketone or aldehyde group e.g. glucose, maltose, fructose , galactose and lactose Formation of Gylcosidic bond With other carbohydrates or non carbohydrates e.g. 2 sugar molecule

Answer 52

Monosaccharides Disaccharides Example: Sugar found in candy, jams and most desserts General formula: Cn(H2O)n n can be 3, 5 , 6 carbon atoms Glucose (C6H12O6) , fructose and galactose hexose sugars are the most abundant simple sugars and those most frequently found in food

Answer 53

Combination of two simple sugars linked by a glycosidic bond (covalent bond) Involves the elimination of water, from the functional groups only Produce two monosaccharides when react with water Common disaccharides: Maltose ----- 2 D-glucose molecules Lactose------ glucose + galactose Sucrose------ glucose + fructose

Answer 54

Important polysaccharides Starch, glycogen, cellulose Starch Humans are able to metabolize Produced by plants for storage Cellulose Plant stems and leaves Humans are not able to metabolize

Answer 55

Composed of a large number of glucose units Humans store energy/glucose in the form of glycogen Stored in the liver and muscles

Answer 56

Main biological function of lipids include energy storage Lipids are a class of hydrocarbon - containing organic compounds Contain the same elements as carbohydrates but with much less oxygen Part of cell membrane Precursor for steroid hormone

Answer 57

hey are insoluble in water They are soluble in nonpolar organic solvents (such as ether and chloroform) Esters of long chain organic acids called fatty acids Fats are formed by the reaction of fatty acids and glycerol (alcohol) Glycerol occurs naturally in the body as a component of stored fat

Answer 58

triglycerides - Consist of three molecules of fatty acids combined with a molecule of glycerol Only small amount of lipids in plasma Lipids with fatty acid: triglycerides Lipids without fatty acids: steroids

Answer 59

They tend to be solids and are referred to as fats | Fatty acids in these fats have single bonded carbons

Answer 60

They tend to be liquids and are called oils | Fatty acids in these fats have some double bonded carbons

Answer 61

They form the major components of the cell membrane --- Phospholipids and glycolipids Form lipid bilayers Structure: Contain a phosphate group Esters of glycerol with two fatty acids and one phosphate-nitrogen compound

Answer 62

They are released when fats are broken down – hydrolysis of fat They are increased in conditions where sugar is not being used Low blood sugar; diabetes, starvation, etc

Answer 63

Functions include: Form part of the cell membrane Form part of the bile salts which emulsify fats during digestion Form the ‘steroid’ hormones Cholesterol – Found in the cell membranes and transported in the blood Cortisol – Stress hormone Aldosterone – Regulates salt excretion Estrogen, progesterone and testosterone – sex hormones Unlike other lipids they are not esters

Answer 64

Part of plasma membrane Made by the liver Supplied with food Must be bound to protein to be transported through the blood (LDL, HDL) Amphipathic molecule - Polar head, and a nonpolar tail Insoluble

Answer 65

(low-density lipoproteins) – transport cholesterol from the liver to other cells of body Tends to deposit cholesterol on arterial walls

Answer 66

(high-density lipoproteins) – removes cholesterol from dying cells and return it to the liver Carry cholesterol effectively and can dissolve cholesterol deposits in the arteries