Section C- Physical Landscapes In The Uk 🏞

Question 1

Where are UK’s 🇬🇧 upland are located ?
What form of rocks 🪨 do they have ?

Answer 1

North and west

Ingenious- granite and metaphoric - slate rocks 🪨 that are resistant to erosion

Question 2

Where are the UK’s 🇬🇧 low land areas found and what rocks do they form ?

Answer 2

Softer sedimentary 🪨 rocks that erode more easily

Question 3

Whta flood plain is found in Glasgow and what are its properties ?

Answer 3

river Clyde lower valley - flat ground

Question 4

What is mechanical ⚙️ weathering ? What’s one type ?

Answer 4

Breaking down rocks 🪨 without changing it’s chemical composition
Freeze-thaw weathering
- when temp alternatives from 0•c water 💦 pushes and fills crack of rocks
Freezes - expands applying pressure on rock 🪨
Water thaws releasing the pressure and rock contacts
The repeat of this process widens the cracks causes rock to break off

Question 5

What is chemical weathering ? What’s one type?

Answer 5

Breaking down a rock by chasing its chemical composition
Carbonation weathering - happens when it’s warm and wet-

Rain water contains carbon dioxide which makes a weak carbonic acid
This reacts with the calcium carbonate in rocks casing it to corrode

Question 6

What is mass movement? When does it happen?

Answer 6

The shifting of rocks and loose material down a slope eg. Cliff

When gravity is acting upon the slop is greater than the force supporting it

Question 7

What does mass movement cause coasts to do?

Answer 7

Retreat rapidly

Question 8

When Is mass movement more likely to occur ? Why?

Answer 8

If sediment it full of water 💧- water acts like a lubricant and makes material heavier

Question 9

What can be created when material shifts?

Answer 9

A scrap - steep cut in the side of the Slope

Question 10

What are the three kinds of mass movement?

Answer 10

Slides 🛝- when material shifts in a straight line down a slope

Slumps - when material rotates down a curved slope

Rockfalls - when material breaks up and falls down a slope

Question 11

What are the two types of waves 🌊 and what do they do ?

Answer 11

Constructive- build beaches 🏖 low frequency low and long

Swash is more powerful that their backwash so material is deposited

Destructive- erode beaches 🏝 High and steep high frequency and has stronger backwash than swash so material is removed

Question 12

How are waves 🌊 formed ? How are storm ⛈ surges formed?

Answer 12

When fetch blows over a sea the greater the fetch the more powerful the wave

Sea levels temporarily rise causing strong winds to push water on shore

Question 13

What are the 4 processes and of erosion?

Answer 13

Hydronic action - water rushes into rocks causing rocks to break

Abrasion- rocks rubbing against Escher until they decrease in size

Attrition- rocks be knocking into each other causing them to chip away

Solution - sediment dissolving into water

Question 14

Explain longshore drift

Answer 14

1. Waves 🌊 follow prevailing wind
2. Swash carry’s sediment up the beach at an oblique angle
3. Backwash carries sediment down the beach at right angles ,
4. producing this zig zag motion across the coast

Question 15

What are the 4 processes of transportation ?

Answer 15

Traction - big boulders and stones being pushed along the sea bed

Saltation- small pebbles bouncing along the sea bed

Suspension- small pebbles being carried across the sea

Solution- soluble stones like limestone being carried along the water

Question 16

What is deposition and when does it occur ? What does it tend to do if it’s greater than erosion?

Answer 16

Dropping material

The water carrying sediment loses energy and slows down

Builds coasts

Question 17

The amount of sediment that is deposited on an area is increased when…

Answer 17

There’s lots of erosion else where on coast so more material is available

Lots of material is transported into the area

Question 18

What are the courses of the river ?

Answer 18

Upper - Steep
Middle - medium
Lower- gentle

Question 19

What do rivers form?

Answer 19

Channels and valleys as they flow downhill

Question 20

What do rivers do ?

Answer 20

The erode the landscape and transport deposited material to the mouth when it’s dropped

Question 21

Describe the upper course of a river

Answer 21

Steep v - shaped valley narrow and shallow

Question 22

Describe the lower course of a river

Answer 22

Gentle slope very wide and steep

Question 23

Describe the middle course of a river

Answer 23

It’s a medium gradient gently sloping wider and deeper than upper

Question 24

What is vertical erosion? Where is it most dominant? What causes it?

Answer 24

Dominant at upper course
Erodes vertically forming v shaped Valleys

High turbulence causes particles to scrape along the river bed causing a downwards erosion

Question 25

What is lateral erosion?

Answer 25

Dominant in the middle and lower course of river Widens the river Valley during the formation of meanders

Question 26

Why does a river lose energy during deposition?

Answer 26

Amount of eroding material increased What is becoming more shallower Volume of water increased River coming to the mouth

Question 27

How does particle size affect the deposition?

Answer 27

The bigger the particle sizes get the more likely deposition is going to occur Smaller pebbles are transported further into the rivers mouth than larger boulders during the position

Question 28

How do water falls form ? How does this lead to a gorge?

Answer 28

When water flows over hard rock to softer rock Soft rock is eroded by hydraulic action, leaving a step More water erodes soft rock , leading to a steep drop WATERFALL formed ✅ Hard rock is under cut by erosion It becomes unsupported and collapses Hard rock falls and swirls eroding soft rock by abrasion forming a plunge pool Over time more undercutting of hard rock occurs causing the river to retreat forming a gorge

Question 29

What does lateral erosion lead to ?

Answer 29

Interlocking spurs - river lacked power to erode laterally do the river had to wind around hills

Question 30

Explain how meanders are formed

Answer 30

Current is faster in the outside bend because the chanel is deeper - less friction to slow it down - so erosion takes place in the outer bends forming river cliff Current is slower in the inside bend - shallower so there is less friction - slip of Slops form as material is deposited here

Question 31

Where are meanders found ?

Answer 31

Middle and lower course

Question 32

How are ox 🐂 bow 🙇‍♂️ lakes formed ?

Answer 32

Erosion causes outside bends to come closer together Until the neck is formed - really small land left The river breaks through land when there is a flood and the river flows on the shortest course Deposition cuts off meander forming an ox-bow lake

Question 33

What is a flood plain ?

Answer 33

Flat areas of land that flood - wide valley floor

Question 34

How are flood plains formed ?

Answer 34

When river floods water slows down causing it to lose energy and deposit all the material that it’s carrying- builds up flood plain

Question 35

What do meanders do when they migrate ?

Answer 35

Widen laterally

Question 36

Where do meanders migrate ?

Answer 36

Down steam

Question 37

What are levees? How are they formed

Answer 37

Natural embankments along edges of rivers During floods material deposited closer to the river channel - when it loses energy Overtime deposited material builds up goring levees

Question 38

What are estuaries ?

Answer 38

Tidal areas where the river meets the sea

Question 39

Where are Estuaries found?

Answer 39

Found at rivers mouth 👄 where land is the widest 

Question 40

What does tidal mean?

Answer 40

River level rises and falls

Question 41

How are estuaries formed?

Answer 41

Water flows over the bank of river depositing slit and sand onto the valley floor When the tidal reaches its highest point the river loses energy and deposited material Over time the mud buildup causing mud flats to form At low tide the mud flats are exposed