Section C - Physical Landscapes In The Uk

Question 1

How is rock breaken down

Answer 1

Mechanical and chemical weathering

Question 2

What is mechanical weathering

Answer 2

breakdown of rock without changing its chemical composition

Question 3

What is chemical weathering

Answer 3

Breakdown of rock by changing its chemical composition

Question 4

What is mass movement

Answer 4

When material falls down a slope

Question 5

What waves erode the coast

Answer 5

Destructive waves

Question 6

What waves deposit material

Answer 6

Constructive waves

Question 7

What are the characteristics of destructive waves

Answer 7

High frequency and are high and steep
Their backwash is more powerful than their swash so material is moved

Question 8

What are the characteristics of constructive waves

Answer 8

Low frequency and are low and long
Their awash is more powerful than their backwash, so material is deposited

Question 9

Waves wear away the coast by using three processes erosion, what are they?

Answer 9

Hydraulic action
Abrasion
Attrition

Question 10

How is material transported along the coast

Answer 10

Longshore drift

Question 11

How is longshore drift done

Answer 11

1.Waves follow direction of prevailing wind

2.they hit coast at an oblique angle

3.swash carries material up the beach, in same direction as waves

4.backwash then carries material down the beach at right angles, back towards the sea.

5.overtime, material zigzags along coast

Question 12

What are the four other processes of transportation

Answer 12

Traction
Saltation
Solution
Suspension

Question 13

What is deposition

Answer 13

The dropping of material

Question 14

What are concordant coastlines

Answer 14

The alternating bands of hard and soft rock are parallel to the coast

Question 15

What are discordant coastlines

Answer 15

Are made up of alternating bands of hard and soft rock at right angles to the coast

Question 16

Where are headlands and bays formed

Answer 16

Along discordant coastlines

Question 17

Headlands are eroded to form caves,arches and stacks. How is this process done?

Answer 17

1.resistant rock that makes up headlands often has weaknesses like cracks

2.waves crash into headlands and enlarge the cracks mainly by hydraulic action and abrasion

3.repeated erosion and enlargement of the cracks causes a cave to form

4.continued erosion deepens cave until it breaks though the headland to form an arch

5.erosion continues to wear away the rock supporting arch, until it eventually collapses -this forms a stack

Question 18

How are wave-cut platforms formed

Answer 18

1.waves cause erosion at the foot of a cliff - forming wave-cut notch

2.repeated erosion causes rock above the notch to eventually collapse

3.collapsed material washed away - new wave-cut notch starts to form

4.after repeated collapses, cliff retreats - leaving wave-cut platform

Question 19

Where are beaches found and how are they formed

Answer 19

They are found between the high and low water marks
Formed by constructive waves

Question 20

What is an example of hard-engineering strategies for coastal landforms

Answer 20

Sea wall
Gabions
Rock armour
Groynes

Question 21

What is an example of soft engineering strategies for coastal landforms

Answer 21

Beach nourishment
Dune regeneration

Question 22

What is another option that helps defend coastal landforms

Answer 22

Managed retreat

Question 23

What are the characteristics of the upper course of a river

Answer 23

Gradient = steep
V-shaped valley, steep sides
Narrow, shallow channel

Question 24

What are the characteristics of the middle course of the river

Answer 24

Gradient = medium
Gently sloping valley sides
Very wide, deep channel

Question 25

What are the characteristics of the lower course of the river

Answer 25

Gradient = gentle Very wide, almost flat valley Very wide, deep channel

Question 26

There are two types of erosion which change the cross profile of river, what are they and explain them

Answer 26

Vertical erosion - deepens the river valley and channel - dominant in upper course of river Lateral erosion - widens river valley and channel - dominant in middle and lower courses of river

Question 27

What are the four processes of erosion

Answer 27

Hydraulic action Abrasion Attrition Solution

Question 28

What are the four transportation

Answer 28

Traction Suspension solution Saltation

Question 29

How are waterfalls formed

Answer 29

1.When a river flows over an area of hard rock followed by an area of soft rock 2.softer rock is eroded by hydraulic action and abrasion more than the hard rock creating a step in the river 3.as water flows over the step it erodes more and more of the softer rock 4.a steep drop ie eventually created- called a waterfall

Question 30

How are gorges formed

Answer 30

1.Hard rock is eventually undercut by erosion / eventually collapses 2.collapsed rock swirled around foot of waterfall where they erode the softer rock by abrasion - creates a deep plunge pool 3. More undercutting and collapses, eventually cause waterfall to retreat leaving behind a steep-sided gorge

Question 31

Where are gorges and waterfalls found

Answer 31

Upper course of a river

Question 32

Where are meanders found

Answer 32

In the middle and lower courses of a river

Question 33

How are oxbow lakes formed

Answer 33

By meanders

Question 34

Give the steps of how oxbow lakes are formed

Answer 34

1.erosion causes outside bends to get closer 2.until there’s only a small bit of land left between the bends 3.river breaks through and his land 4.and river flows along shortest course 5.deposition eventually cuts off meander - forming oxbow lake

Question 35

What are physical factors that affect flood risk

Answer 35

Heavy rainfall Prolonged rainfall Geology Relief

Question 36

What are human factors that affect flood risk

Answer 36

Land use

Question 37

Give examples of hard engineering strategies that can reduce the risk of flooding

Answer 37

Dams and reservoirs Channel straightening Embankments Flood relief channels

Question 38

Give examples of soft engineering strategies that can reduce the effects of flooding

Answer 38

Flood warnings and preparation Flood plain zoning Planting trees River restoration

Question 39

How do meanders form

Answer 39

Current is faster on the outer bend because the river channel is deeper So more erosion takes place in the outside of the bend, forming river cliffs The current is slower on the inside of the bend because it is shallower So eroded material is deposited on the inside of the bend forming slip off slopes