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PHAR 100 > Section F > Flashcards

Section F Flashcards

1
Q

Percival Pott

A

Described cancer of the scrotum, which was attributed to chronic exposure to soot (soot-wart)

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2
Q

Clunet

A

Demonstrates that exposure of rats to x rays could cause cancer

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3
Q

Yamagiwa and Ichikawa

A

Produced skin cancer; exposed rabbit ears to coal tar

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4
Q

Kennaway

A

Isolated highly carcinogenic polycyclic hydrocarbons from coal tar

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5
Q

Rehm

A

Described bladder cancer in aniline dye workers

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6
Q

Hueper

A

Showed that 2-Napthylamine caused cancer of the bladder when administered to dogs

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7
Q

What is a cancer-inducing agent in the liver?

A

aflatoxin, which is from the fungus Aspergillus flavus

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8
Q

Which cancer is more common in Asia/central Africa? Why?

A

Liver cancer due to food contamination by aflatoxin

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9
Q

Which type of cancer is more common in North America, Europe and Australia?

A

Colon-rectal cancer due to diets high in saturated fat, low in fibre, fruit/vegetables

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10
Q

What are the two highest causes of cancer deaths (in Canada)?

A

Tobacco and nutrition

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11
Q

What type of cancers may smoking cause?

A

Lung, upper respiratory, esophagus, bladder and pancreas

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12
Q

Smokers are up to _ times more likely to develop cancer of the lung than non-smokers.

A

8

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13
Q

What is the latent period between smoking and lung cancer?

A

20 years

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14
Q

What diet factors increase the risk of colon/rectal/prostate cancer?

A

Excessive saturated fat and red meat

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15
Q

What diet factors increase the risk of stomach cancer?

A

High salt intake

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16
Q

Which viruses cause liver cancer?

A

Hepatitis B and hepatitis C (cause 80% of cases)

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17
Q

How do viruses cause cancer?

A

Invade the living cells of a host and utilize the host cell’s DNA-synthesizing and protein-synthesizing machinery to make copies of themselves

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18
Q

Which cancer is caused by HPV?

A

Cervical

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19
Q

Which cancer is caused by HIV

A

Kaposi’s sarcoma

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20
Q

What is a risk factor of the Epstein-Barr virus?

A

Cancer

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21
Q

Which bacterium is associated with stomach cancers?

A

Helicobacter pylori

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22
Q

Cancer caused by arsenic? (2)

A

Lung, skin

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23
Q

Cancer caused by asbestos? (1)

A

Lung

24
Q

Cancer caused by benzene? (1)

A

Leukemia

25
Q

Cancer caused by diesel exhaust? (1)

A

Lung

26
Q

Cancer caused by formaldehyde? (1)

A

Nose

27
Q

Cancer caused by man-made mineral fibres? (1)

A

Lung

28
Q

Cancer caused by hair dye? (1)

A

Bladder

29
Q

Cancer caused by ionizing radiation? (1)

A

Bone marrow

30
Q

Cancer caused by mineral oils? (1)

A

Skin

31
Q

Cancer caused by non-arsenical pesticides? (1)

A

Lung

32
Q

Cancer caused by painting materials? (1)

A

Lung

33
Q

Cancer caused by polychlorinated biphenyls? (2)

A

Liver, skin

34
Q

Cancer caused by radon? (1)

A

Lung

35
Q

Cancer caused by soot? (1)

A

Skin

36
Q

Where are carcinogens activated? How?

A

In the body; undergo metabolic activation by drug metabolizing enzymes

37
Q

What are the three categories of carcinogens?

A

Initiators, promoters and progressors

38
Q

Describe the action of an initiator carcinogen.

A

Damage genes involved in control of cell division and facilitate the division and proliferation of cells

39
Q

Describe the action of a promoter carcinogen.

A

Do not damage genes but selectively enhance the growth of cancer cells (or precursors)

40
Q

Describe the action of a progressor carcinogen?

A

Allow the rapid growth of tumours once they are established

41
Q

What is the Delaney amendment?

A

An act that prohibits the use in food of any substance that has been shown at any dose to produce cancer in experimental animals (US, 1958)

42
Q

Ames test

A

Employs a mutant Salmonella typhimurium that lost the ability to make histidine; in a histidine-free medium cannot grow unless exposed to a mutagenic chemical

43
Q

What are the six categories of cancer treatment?

A

Surgery, chemotherapy, radiation, biological therapies, hormone blocking/supplementing therapies and bone marrow transplantation

44
Q

What are the goals of cancer chemotherapy? (5)

A

Cure, prolong survival, relieve symptoms, psychological support and clinical research

45
Q

What is the mechanism of chemotherapy action?

A

Inhibit protein synthesis, DNA synthesis or cell division

46
Q

Which normal cells are affected by chemotherapy?

A

Bone marrow (RBCs, WBCs, platelets), GI tract, hair root cells

47
Q

What is the rationale for combination chemotherapy?

A

Cancer cells more vulnerable when attacked in multiple ways, and the drugs can be combined to achieve certain toxicities

48
Q

Name the 6 classes of drugs employed in chemotherapy.

A

Alkylating agents, antimetabolites, natural products, antibiotics, hormones, biologicals and misc.

49
Q

What are main cancer affecting women? men?

A

Women - breast, colon

Men - prostate, colon

50
Q

Name a chemotherapeutic alkylating agent.

A

Mechlorethamine

51
Q

Name a chemotherapeutic antimetabolite.

A

Methotrexate

52
Q

Name a chemotherapeutic natural product.

A

Vincristine (Periwinkle) and Paclitaxel (Taxol; Yew)

53
Q

Name a chemotherapeutic antibiotic.

A

Doxorubicin

54
Q

Name a chemotherapeutic hormone

A

Prednisone, tamoxifen

55
Q

Name a biological chemotherapeutic technique.

A

Blocking cytokines

56
Q

Procarbazine?

A

Is a chemotherapy drug; acts by damaging DNA

PHAR 100 (3 decks)

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