Section F

Question 1

Percival Pott

Answer 1

Described cancer of the scrotum, which was attributed to chronic exposure to soot (soot-wart)

Question 2

Clunet

Answer 2

Demonstrates that exposure of rats to x rays could cause cancer

Question 3

Yamagiwa and Ichikawa

Answer 3

Produced skin cancer; exposed rabbit ears to coal tar

Question 4

Kennaway

Answer 4

Isolated highly carcinogenic polycyclic hydrocarbons from coal tar

Question 5

Rehm

Answer 5

Described bladder cancer in aniline dye workers

Question 6

Hueper

Answer 6

Showed that 2-Napthylamine caused cancer of the bladder when administered to dogs

Question 7

What is a cancer-inducing agent in the liver?

Answer 7

aflatoxin, which is from the fungus Aspergillus flavus

Question 8

Which cancer is more common in Asia/central Africa? Why?

Answer 8

Liver cancer due to food contamination by aflatoxin

Question 9

Which type of cancer is more common in North America, Europe and Australia?

Answer 9

Colon-rectal cancer due to diets high in saturated fat, low in fibre, fruit/vegetables

Question 10

What are the two highest causes of cancer deaths (in Canada)?

Answer 10

Tobacco and nutrition

Question 11

What type of cancers may smoking cause?

Answer 11

Lung, upper respiratory, esophagus, bladder and pancreas

Question 12

Smokers are up to _ times more likely to develop cancer of the lung than non-smokers.

Answer 12

8

Question 13

What is the latent period between smoking and lung cancer?

Answer 13

20 years

Question 14

What diet factors increase the risk of colon/rectal/prostate cancer?

Answer 14

Excessive saturated fat and red meat

Question 15

What diet factors increase the risk of stomach cancer?

Answer 15

High salt intake

Question 16

Which viruses cause liver cancer?

Answer 16

Hepatitis B and hepatitis C (cause 80% of cases)

Question 17

How do viruses cause cancer?

Answer 17

Invade the living cells of a host and utilize the host cell’s DNA-synthesizing and protein-synthesizing machinery to make copies of themselves

Question 18

Which cancer is caused by HPV?

Answer 18

Cervical

Question 19

Which cancer is caused by HIV

Answer 19

Kaposi’s sarcoma

Question 20

What is a risk factor of the Epstein-Barr virus?

Answer 20

Cancer

Question 21

Which bacterium is associated with stomach cancers?

Answer 21

Helicobacter pylori

Question 22

Cancer caused by arsenic? (2)

Answer 22

Lung, skin

Question 23

Cancer caused by asbestos? (1)

Answer 23

Lung

Question 24

Cancer caused by benzene? (1)

Answer 24

Leukemia

Question 25

Cancer caused by diesel exhaust? (1)

Answer 25

Lung

Question 26

Cancer caused by formaldehyde? (1)

Answer 26

Nose

Question 27

Cancer caused by man-made mineral fibres? (1)

Answer 27

Lung

Question 28

Cancer caused by hair dye? (1)

Answer 28

Bladder

Question 29

Cancer caused by ionizing radiation? (1)

Answer 29

Bone marrow

Question 30

Cancer caused by mineral oils? (1)

Answer 30

Skin

Question 31

Cancer caused by non-arsenical pesticides? (1)

Answer 31

Lung

Question 32

Cancer caused by painting materials? (1)

Answer 32

Lung

Question 33

Cancer caused by polychlorinated biphenyls? (2)

Answer 33

Liver, skin

Question 34

Cancer caused by radon? (1)

Answer 34

Lung

Question 35

Cancer caused by soot? (1)

Answer 35

Skin

Question 36

Where are carcinogens activated? How?

Answer 36

In the body; undergo metabolic activation by drug metabolizing enzymes

Question 37

What are the three categories of carcinogens?

Answer 37

Initiators, promoters and progressors

Question 38

Describe the action of an initiator carcinogen.

Answer 38

Damage genes involved in control of cell division and facilitate the division and proliferation of cells

Question 39

Describe the action of a promoter carcinogen.

Answer 39

Do not damage genes but selectively enhance the growth of cancer cells (or precursors)

Question 40

Describe the action of a progressor carcinogen?

Answer 40

Allow the rapid growth of tumours once they are established

Question 41

What is the Delaney amendment?

Answer 41

An act that prohibits the use in food of any substance that has been shown at any dose to produce cancer in experimental animals (US, 1958)

Question 42

Ames test

Answer 42

Employs a mutant Salmonella typhimurium that lost the ability to make histidine; in a histidine-free medium cannot grow unless exposed to a mutagenic chemical

Question 43

What are the six categories of cancer treatment?

Answer 43

Surgery, chemotherapy, radiation, biological therapies, hormone blocking/supplementing therapies and bone marrow transplantation

Question 44

What are the goals of cancer chemotherapy? (5)

Answer 44

Cure, prolong survival, relieve symptoms, psychological support and clinical research

Question 45

What is the mechanism of chemotherapy action?

Answer 45

Inhibit protein synthesis, DNA synthesis or cell division

Question 46

Which normal cells are affected by chemotherapy?

Answer 46

Bone marrow (RBCs, WBCs, platelets), GI tract, hair root cells

Question 47

What is the rationale for combination chemotherapy?

Answer 47

Cancer cells more vulnerable when attacked in multiple ways, and the drugs can be combined to achieve certain toxicities

Question 48

Name the 6 classes of drugs employed in chemotherapy.

Answer 48

Alkylating agents, antimetabolites, natural products, antibiotics, hormones, biologicals and misc.

Question 49

What are main cancer affecting women? men?

Answer 49

Women - breast, colon | Men - prostate, colon

Question 50

Name a chemotherapeutic alkylating agent.

Answer 50

Mechlorethamine

Question 51

Name a chemotherapeutic antimetabolite.

Answer 51

Methotrexate

Question 52

Name a chemotherapeutic natural product.

Answer 52

Vincristine (Periwinkle) and Paclitaxel (Taxol; Yew)

Question 53

Name a chemotherapeutic antibiotic.

Answer 53

Doxorubicin

Question 54

Name a chemotherapeutic hormone

Answer 54

Prednisone, tamoxifen

Question 55

Name a biological chemotherapeutic technique.

Answer 55

Blocking cytokines

Question 56

Procarbazine?

Answer 56

Is a chemotherapy drug; acts by damaging DNA