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LECOM DSP Biochemistry 2022 > Section I (Chapters 1-3) > Flashcards

Section I (Chapters 1-3) Flashcards

1
Q

What is the caloric content of carbohydrates?

A

4

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2
Q

What is the caloric content of fat?

A

9

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3
Q

What is the caloric content of protein?

A

4

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4
Q

What is the caloric content of alcohol?

A

7

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5
Q

What are the three major fuel stores in the body?

A

Fats, glycogen, protein

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6
Q

What is the only fuel store that is not solely a fuel store?

A

Protein

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7
Q

What is basal metabolic rate?

A

The amount of energy required to maintain life and all basic functions within a living person

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8
Q

How to calculate BMR in men? In women?

A

Men: 24 * weight
Women: 21.6 * weight

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9
Q

What is daily energy expenditure?

A

The minimum energy required to support activities along with processing food

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10
Q

What is BMI? How do we calculate it?

A

Determining a person’s weight is within the healthy range
Calculated by multiplying the weight by 70, dividing by the individuals height squared

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11
Q

What are the factors of BMR?

A

Gender, body temperature, environmental temperature, thyroid status, pregnancy and lactation, age, body composition

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12
Q

What are the classifications of BMI?

A

Below 18.5 -> underweight
18.5 - 24.9 -> healthy!
25 -29.9 -> overweight
Values above 30 -> obese

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13
Q

What is the importance of caloric balance?

A

Maintain a healthy balance of macromolecules and energy amount within someone

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14
Q

What essential fatty acids are required?

A

Prostaglandins, thromboxanes, leukotrienes, and other related compounds

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15
Q

What essential amino acids are required?

A

Lysine, isoleucine, leucine, threonine, valine, tryptophan, phenylalanine, methionine, and histidine

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16
Q

What amino acids are elevated in pregnant women and growing individuals?

A

Arginine & histidine

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17
Q

What is phenylketonuria?

A

Congenital condition where an individual cannot convert phenylalanine to tyrosine

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18
Q

What is the importance of vitamins?

A

Most vitamins are used as precursors for coenzymes, complex organic molecules that assist enzymes in catalyzing biochemical reactions, and the deficiency symptoms reflect an inability of cells to carry out certain reactions

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19
Q

Where is Vitamin C found?

A

Citrus fruits, potatoes, peppers, broccoli, spinach

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20
Q

Where is Vitamin B12 found?

A

Meat, poultry, fish, whole grain cereals and breads, vegetables, peanuts, walnuts

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21
Q

Where is Vitamin A found?

A

Milk, dark green and leafy vegetables

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22
Q

Where is Vitamin K found?

A

Green vegetables, cabbage family

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23
Q

Where is Vitamin D?

A

Fortified milk, butter, fatty fish

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24
Q

Where is Vitamin E?

A

Vegetable oils, margarine, wheat germ; nuts; green leafy vegetables

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25
Which vitamins are fat soluble?
Vitamin A, K, D, E
26
What minerals are required in diet?
Sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium, phosphorous, magnesium
27
What is nitrogen balance?
The difference between the amount of nitrogen taken into the body each day (mainly in the form of dietary protein) and the amount of nitrogen in compounds lost
28
Positive nitrogen balance occurs...
During growth
29
Nitrogen balance
Normal healthy adult
30
A negative nitrogen balance occurs...
Dietary deficiency of total protein or amino acids: catabolic stress
31
What percentage of carbs are needed in calories?
45% - 65% of calories
32
What percentage of fats are needed in calories?
20% - 35% of calories
33
What percentage of proteins are needed in calories?
.8 g/kg
34
What is kwashiorkor?
A disease originally seen in African children suffering from a protein deficiency (although overall energy intake may be normal). It is characterized by marked hypoalbuminemia (low levels of albumin in the blood), anemia, edema (buildup of fluids in the interstitial spaces), potbelly, loss of hair, and other signs of tissue injury
35
What is marasmus?
Used for prolonged protein and energy malnutrition, particularly in young children. Marasmus is characterized by loss of weight and body fat, muscle wasting, and poor growth. Children with marasmus usually do not develop edema
36
What do ultra-processed foods cause?
Cardiovascular disease
37
What does an increase amount of sodium cause?
Hypertension
38
What does an increased BMI lead to?
Cardiovascular risk factors, including hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and alterations in blood lipid levels. It also increases the risk for respiratory problems, gallbladder disease, and certain types of cancer
39
What does a calcium deficiency cause?
Osteomalacia
40
What happens to food after eaten?
Oxidized to meet our immediate energy needs
41
What is the major fuel in the body?
Glucose
42
What is a major organ that maintains glucose?
Liver
43
What carbon sources are needed for glucogenesis?
Lactate, glycerol, and amino acids
44
What is a major polymer of carbs?
Starch
45
What is a major carb?
Glucose
46
How is glucose stored?
Oxidized and stored as glycogen within the liver & muscle
47
What breaks down glucose?
Enzymes such as amylase
48
What is the maximum glycogen storage in liver?
200-300 grams
49
How is glucose oxidized?
Via glycolysis and TCA cycle, generates ATP
50
What is glycogen in the brain a major precursor of?
Neurotransmitters
51
How much glucose is required in the brain?
150 grams of glucose per day
52
RBCs lack...
Mitochondria
53
If we do not have RBCs, we cannot...
Metabolize glucose
54
What stimulates uptake of glucose into tissue?
Insulin
55
What do adipocytes do?
Oxidize glucose for energy along with making it a source of glycerol for triacylglycerols
56
What is a major type of fat?
Triacylglycerols
57
Where are fatty acids stored?
Adipose cells
58
What is fat not?
Soluble in water, emulsified by bile salts
59
What can energy from triacylglycerol be used in?
Fasting state!
60
How do adipose arrive?
Packaged in chylomicrons or VLDL
61
Proteins are digested as...
Amino acids
62
How are proteins linked? How are they cleaved?
Peptide bonds; enzymes
63
What acts on the stomach?
Pepsin
64
What acts in the lumen of small intestine?
Trypsin, chymotrypsin, elastase, carboxypeptidases
65
Within the liver, where do proteins travel?
Hepatic portal vein
66
What can the liver do to proteins?
Can oxidize amino acids or convert to glucose or ketone bodies, disposing of nitrogen in urea (usually more in fasting/starved state)
67
Proteins are in...state within the liver
Constant turnover
68
Where can energy from proteins be used in?
Fasting state
69
What is not stored in adipose?
Amino acids
70
In fasting, the liver converts...from...
Fatty acids, lipolysis
71
During the fasting state, what still occurs?
Gluconeogenesis
72
During an overnight fast...
Insulin levels decline and glucagon levels rise
73
As fasting goes on...
Liver produces glucose via gluconeogenesis (lactate, glycerol, and amino acids)
74
During prolonged starvation...
Muscles continue to burn fatty acid but decreases ketone body usage
75
What do B-cells make in the pancreas? What do A-cells make in the pancreas?
B-cells -> insulin A-cells -> glucagon
76
Insulin signals uptake...
Glucose
77
What is glycolysis?
Breakdown of glycogen in liver to form glucose which can be oxidized or released to bloodstream to supply tissues (brain and RBCs first)
78
What is lipolysis?
Release of fatty acids and glycerol from triacylglycerols stored in adipose tissue
79
What is gluconeogenesis?
Conversion of amino acids in blood (from muscle tissue) to glucose to be released to blood to supply tissue (brain and RBCs first)
80
What is the byproduct of gluconeogenesis?
Urea
81
What is common between chylomicrons & VLDL?
o Produced in fed state o Transport triacylglycerol (insoluble in water) o Contain cholesterol o Triacylglycerol are degraded into fatty acids and glycerol, then fatty acid re-combines with glycerol moiety from blood glucose to be stored in adipose as fat droplet
82
What is found in chylomicrons?
o Formed in intestinal epithelial cells from digestion of dietary triacylglycerols o Remnants cleared from blood by liver
83
What is found in VLDL?
o Synthesized in liver o Remnants cleared from blood by liver, or form LDL, which is later cleared by liver o peripheral cells
84
In prolonged starvation, what is able to provide a supply of fatty acids?
Lipolysis
85
When blood glucose decreases and glycogen increases, what is broken down by lipolysis?
Triacylglycerols
86
What completely oxidizes CO2 & H2O
Muscle
87
Liver only partially oxidizes...
Fatty acids
88
What molecules act as carbon sources to generate glucose?
Glycerol, amino acids, and lactate
89
Liver can oxidize what?
Amino acids, disposing nitrogen in urea
90
What does obesity cause?
Maintain larger volume of circulating blood, which causes hypertension and increased workload on heart
91
Increased triacylglycerol becomes what?
Resistant to action of insulin
92
What is the primary energy source from brain & RBCs?
Glucose
93
What is hypercholesterolemia?
Elevated cholesterol caused by mutation with a specific protein or excessive cholesterol intake
94
What is hyperglycemia?
High blood glucose levels caused by either mutations in specific proteins or tissue resistance to insulin
95
What is hyperlipidemia?
High levels of blood lipids may be caused by mutations in specific proteins or ingestion of high fat diets
96
What are liver serum proteins?
Albumin & prealbumin
97
Elevated creatinine in blood means
Impaired renal function
98
What has a longer half-life?
Albumin
99
Decreased BUN levels can indicate
Liver issues
100
Increased BUN levels can indicate
Kidney issues
101
Creatinine indicates
Diminished production of skeletal muscle, increased can indicate kidney issues
102
Ketone bodies being elevated implies...
Starvation state
103
Malnutrition
Reduced nutrient uptake may be caused by a genetic mutation in specific proteins or by dietary habits leading to reduced nutrient intake. May lead to increased ketone body production and reduced liver protein synthesis
104
The more body oxidizes fuel...
The more energy present
105
How to calculate BMI
weight/height squared
106
One pound is equal to
3500 kcal -> 500 kcal a day

LECOM DSP Biochemistry 2022 (11 decks)

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