Seedless Vascular Plants

Question 1

which generation is independent in seedless vascular plants?

Answer 1

Both!
- gametophyte is fully independent
- sporophyte is independent at maturity (but relies on gametophyte as a juvenile)

Question 2

Which generation is dominant ?

Answer 2

• sporophytes are more prominent and longer lived

Question 3

What are the major changes from bryophytes?

Answer 3

• the development of vascular tissue and the sporophyte is dominant

Question 4

are they heterosporous or homosporous?

Answer 4

both!

Question 5

What does heterospory yield for the life cycle?

Answer 5

• mega and microsporophyll bear microsporangia and megasporangia which produce micro/megaspores which become micro and mega gametophytes which yield archegonia and sperm

Question 6

What does homospory yield for the life cycle?

Answer 6

• homospores give rise to male and female gametophyte

Question 7

what are microphylls and megaphylls?

Answer 7

microphyll: single vein
Megaphyll: branched veins

Question 8

Are lycophytes microphyllic or megaphyllic? What about monilophyta?

Answer 8

• all lycophytes are microphyllic
• monilophyta:
• whisk ferns have no true leaves
• psilotopsida: megaphyllic
• equitopsida: microphyllic

Question 9

where are sporangia stored in each taxa?

Answer 9

• club moss, spike moss, equisetopsida: strobilus
• polypodiopsida: sori
• quill wort: sporangia
• whisk ferns: sporangia

Question 10

What are the vascular tissues? What do they transport and in what direction?

Answer 10

xylem transports water and minerals up the plant
phloem transports sugars/proteins everywhere

Question 11

where is the vascular tissue found in ferns?

Answer 11

• the stem, leaves, roots
• can be seen in veins of leaves

Question 12

do fern gametophytes have vascular tissue?

Answer 12

-nope! Gametophytes do not have vascular tissue
- instead, they have rhizoids which connects them to the ground and a thallus

Question 13

Describe the sporophyte of a lycopodicease (club moss)

Answer 13

• strobilus, vegetative leaf: microphyllic

Question 14

Describe the sporophyte of a selaginella: spike moss

Answer 14

• strobilus, small leaves on underside, microphyllic

Question 15

Describe the sporophyte of a psilotopsida

Answer 15

• whisk fern
• has enations (not true leaves) and dichotomous branching
• vascular trace does not extend into nation

Question 16

Describe the sporophyte of a polypodiopsida

Answer 16

• true fern
• macrophyllic
• large fronts

Question 17

Describe the sporophyte of equitopsida (horse tail)?

Answer 17

• strobilus
• vegetative and reproductive leaves
  -whorled branching
• branches on the vegetative, and leaves on the reproductive strobilus

Question 18

What are the leaf types?

Answer 18

enation: no true vascular tissue
- micrpohyl: one vascular trace
- megaphyll: branches vascular traces

Question 19

describe the relationship between microspore, microsporangia, and microsporophyll?

Answer 19

• in heterospores,
  microsporophyll are the leafy structures which bear microsporangia, which produce microspores

Question 20

Describe the cross section of a microphyll and a megaphyll cross section

Answer 20

microphyll: single vascular bundle with no branching

megaphyll: multiple vascular bundles with multiple branching veins

Question 21

Where are rhizomes and rhizoids found?

Answer 21

• rhizomes are found in sporophytes, stems (they have vascular tissue)
• rhizoids are found in gametophytes, act as roots (no vascular tissue)

Question 22

define endoscopic

Answer 22

• gametophyte develops within the spore wall
• associated with heterospory

Question 23

define exposporic

Answer 23

• gametophyte develops outside the spore wall
• associated with homospory

Question 24

Define homosporous

Answer 24

one type of spore is produced, which forms a bisexual gametophyte

Question 25

Define heterosporous

Answer 25

- two types of spores: microspores and megaspores

Question 26

What is the strobilus? What is it made of ?

Answer 26

- strobilus is a reproductive cone shaped structure - made up of sporophylls

Question 27

In homospores, what are the reproductive and vegetative leaves?

Answer 27

- vegetative: microphylls - reproductive: sporophylls (arms that surround the sporangium)

Question 28

in heterospores, what are the reproductive and vegetative leaves?

Answer 28

- leaf name indicates what it is holding: reproductive leaves: micro and mega sporophylls surround the micro and megasporangia

Question 29

what are the conditions required for dispersal and germination?

Answer 29

- dispersal: wet, windy - germination: humid/covered, moist, good temperature

Question 30

What is the annulus?

Answer 30

a 'catapult' of spores:

Question 31

What is the sori?

Answer 31

- clusters of sporangia on underside of fern front

Question 32

What is the indusium?

Answer 32

- thin protective covering over sori to regulate spore dispersal

Question 33

What are three terms related to fern spore dispersal?

Answer 33

- indusium, sori, annulum

Question 34

Describe the spores of whisk ferns

Answer 34

- spores are housed on the stem in sets of 3 sporangium (capsules, sporangia, spores)

Question 35

What does the sorus refer to?

Answer 35

- the indusium and the sporangia

Question 36

Where does fertilization occur ?

Answer 36

- in the archegonia

Question 37

Why are fern gametophytes bisexual?

Answer 37

because they're homosporous!

Question 38

what kind of spores are found in fern gametophytes

Answer 38

homospores

Question 39

what are the three extinct plants that dominated during the Devonian period ?

Answer 39

- rhyniophyta, trimeropytophyta, and zosterophyllophyta

Question 40

Where is the casparian strip?

Answer 40

- the casparian strip is within the endodermis, which is the layer that separates the cortex and the vascular tissue - the casparian strip regulates exchange of ions, nutrients, and water from the vascular tissue

Question 41

are the gametophytes dependant or independent in quillworts?

Answer 41

- dependant: because they are heterosporous, the gametophyte develops endosporically which means that they depend on the sporophyte for nutrients BUT if they're homosporous they develop outside the spore, so they are independent

Question 42

what is the protective covering of the strobilus called?

Answer 42

sporangiophore