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Organism 1 Finals > Seeds > Flashcards

Seeds Flashcards

(58 cards)

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1
Q

what is seed

A

structure containing an embryonic plant, nutritive substance and a protective outer coating

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2
Q

what is an embryo

A

an immature plant

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3
Q

what is a seed coat

A

a tough coating protecting the interior of the seed from external environmental conditions

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4
Q

what is the seed coat composed of

A

sclerenchyma cells

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5
Q

what is an endosperm

A

the nutritive substance in the seed that provides energy that germinating seed needs before it can photosynthesize

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6
Q

traits of angiosperm endosperm

A
  • contains stored energy in form of starches, oils and some proteins
  • produced by the comnining of sperm and the central cell of the ovule
  • often a triploid
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7
Q

traits of gymnosperm endosperm

A
  • composed of the remains of the female gametophyte
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8
Q

what is the most common seed type

A

standard dicot seed with cotyledons

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9
Q

what is fertilization

A

the uniting of male and female gametes to produce a diploid zygote

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10
Q

what are the components of fertilization

A

male

female

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11
Q

what is a pollen grain

A

the male gametophyte in all seed plants

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12
Q

how many pollen grains are produces from 1 microspore

A

4

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13
Q

role of generative cell

A

produces 2 sperm cells

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14
Q

role of pollen tube nucleus

A

facilitates growing of the pollen tube

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15
Q

what is steps of pollen grain germination

A
  • growth of pollen tube from pollen cell delivers sperm directly in egg
  • pollen tube nucleus synthesizes materials to allow pollen tube growth
  • generative cell produces sperm one pollen tube reaches micropyle
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16
Q

traits of pollen germination in gymnosperms

A
  • naked seed
  • pollen tube doesnt need to grow large to deliver sperm to egg
  • pollen grains are often winged
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17
Q

what is an egg cell

A

cell which will become the zygote once united with a sperm cell

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18
Q

where is egg cell found

A

in archegonia

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19
Q

what is the role of female gametophyte in gymnosperms

A
  • produces archegonia

- becomes nutritive tissues in gymnosperms

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20
Q

role of integument

A

single layer in gymnosperms
protective coat for the ovule
becomes seed coat

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21
Q

what is micropyle in ovule gymnosperms

A

opening to the ovule

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22
Q

steps of fertilization in gymnosperms

A
  1. 4 megaspored produced through meiosis (one lives)
  2. pollination occurs (before egg cell formation)
  3. surviving female megaspore divides through mitosis and produces multicellular archegonia
  4. archegonia goes through mitosis and produces many egg cells
  5. some species all eggs cells survive others not
  6. fertilization by uniting sperm and egg
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23
Q

what is the difference in pollen in angiosperms from gymnosperms

A

pollen tube must grow down a longer structure

pollen grains in angiosperms are often spherical

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24
Q

what is a synergid in angiosperm ovules

Study These Flashcards
A

2 per ovule

help guide fertilization

25
role of antipodals in angiosperm ovules
contribute to endosperm development and growth
26
how is the integument in angiosperm ovules
two layers
27
ovule angiosperm includes
``` egg cell synergids polar nuclei central cell antipodals integument micropyle ```
28
ovule gymnosperm includes
egg cell female gametophyte integument micropyle
29
steps of angiosperm fertilization
1. 4 megaspores produced by meiosis (one lives) 2. survivng megaspore= female gametophyte 3. fem gameto undergoes mitoss x3 = 8 daughter cells= parts of the ovule 4. pollination 5. sperm and egg unite = fertilization
30
what is double fertilization
each pollen cell releases 2 sperm which fertilizes 2 different structures with the ovule egg cell -> zygote polar nuclei -> triploid endosperm
31
what happens after fertilization
seed development = zygote goes through a complex pattern of development to grow into a seed
32
what are the stages in seed development
embryogenesis maturation desiccation
33
what is embryogenesis
formation of the embryo from the fertilized zygote
34
what are the 4 stages of embryogenesis
``` globular heart torpedo mature (aka shapes of embryo) ```
35
what is maturation
when embryo reaches torpedo stage, seed begins to focus on storing nutritious tissues and on formation of endosperm
36
what is desiccation
the loss of water in the seed
37
what is seed dormancy
delayed germination
38
what are the types of dormancy
morphological chemical physical
39
what is morphological dormancy
seeds are released from the mother plant before they are fully mature
40
what is chemical dormancy
chemical signs in the seed prevent germination | seed waits for environmental sign that environment is favorable for germination
41
what is physical dormancy
seed coat is resistant to germination or water uptake | seed coat must be worn down to germinate
42
what are recalcitrant seeds
seeds with no dormancy mechanism limited to plants in wt environments if dried out, they die
43
what are the steps of seed germination
imbibition respiration growth of the embryo
44
what is imbibition in seed germination
seed must uptake water cellular material absorbs water in the seed and will expand seed coat will rupture and primary root can emerge
45
what is respiration in seed germination
anaerobic respiration is first since no oxygen under soil | needs to convert stored sugars into ATP
46
what is development of embryo axis n seed germination
shoot part of embryo begins to swell and emerge from the coat seedling is produced
47
what is a seedling
a young plant sporophyte newly emerged from a seed coat
48
what are structures of the seedling
``` radicle/primary root hypocotyl epicotyl cotyledons true leaves ```
49
what is the radicle
first root to emerge from seed
50
what is the hypocotyl
stem section between the radicle and the cotyledons
51
what is the epicotyl
stem section between cotyledons and true leaves
52
what are true leaves
first leaves to emerge from the seedling that actually look like the typical leaves of the plant
53
what are cotyledons
specialized structures found in some plants | storage organs
54
cotyledons in monocots
one
55
cotyledons in dicots
two
56
what are 2 patterns in seed germination
hypogeous | epigeous
57
what is hypogeous germination
cotyledons remain underground after full germination hypocotyl remains in the seed coat epicotyl emerges from seed coat
58
what is the epigeous germination
cotyledons emerge from seed coat and are aboveground | hypocotyl emerges first from the seed

Organism 1 Finals (21 decks)

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