Segment 1

Question 1

argument

Answer 1

a group of statements in which the conclusion is claimed to follow from the premises

Question 2

statement

Answer 2

a sentence that is either true or false

Question 3

truth value

Answer 3

every statement has a truth vale (either true or false )

Question 4

logic

Answer 4

the study of reasoning

Question 5

inference

Answer 5

the reasoning process expressed by an argument

Question 6

proposition

Answer 6

the information content r. meaning of a statement

Question 7

statements of argument

Answer 7

1. logic
2. inference
3. proposition

Question 8

the door is closed =porta eta fechada

Answer 8

t

Question 9

sentence with truth value (either true or false)

Answer 9

the door is open =statement

Question 10

compare sentences without truth values

Answer 10

1. is the door open? question
2. close the door now demand
3. please close the door request
4. lets close the door statement

Question 11

arguments contain premises in support of a conclusion

Answer 11

we should boycott that company. they have been fond guilty of producing widgets that they knew were faulty and causing numerous injuries

Question 12

conclusion and premises indicators hep us identify arguments

Answer 12

since they have been found guilty of producing widgets that they knew were faulty, and that cause numerous injuries, we should therefore boycott that company

Question 13

conclusion indicators

Answer 13

therefore 
consequently 
it proves that 
thus 
in conclusion 
suggest that 
so 
it follows that 
implies that 
hence 
we can infer that 
we can conclude that

Question 14

premise indicators

Answer 14

because 
since 
given that 
assuming that 
as shown by 
for reasons that 
as indicated by 
seeing that 
it follows that

Question 15

inferential claim

Answer 15

a passage makes an inferential claim when it expresses a reasoning process

Question 16

compare

Answer 16

unauthorized cars will be towed (a warning not an argument)

given that your car is unauthorized vars will be towed at the owners expense, your car will be towed (an inferential claim, an argument)

Question 17

explanation

Answer 17

use because to provide reasons for how an event occurred (an already accepted fact)

Question 18

compare

Answer 18

1. because you started lifting weights without first getting a physical checkup, you will probably injure your back
2. your back injury occured because you lifted weights without first getting a physical checkup

Question 19

compare

Answer 19

argument:
(premise) because you started lifting wrights without first getting a phyla checkup, (conclusion) you will probably injure your back

explanation:
your back injury occured because you lifted weights without first getting a physical checkup (an already accepted fact)

Question 20

truth value analysis

Answer 20

determines if the information in the remised is accurate, correct or true (is it a true or false statement)

Question 21

logical analysis

Answer 21

determines the strength with which the presumes support the conclusion (is it a valid or invalid argument)

premises:
1. it is raining
2. when it rains games are canceled

conclusion:
1. there fore the game is canceled

Question 22

deductive argument

Answer 22

one in which it is claimed that

1. the conclusion follows necessarily from the premise
2. true premises make it impossible for the conclusion to be false

Question 23

inductive argument

Answer 23

one in which it is claimed that

1. the premises make the conclusion probable
2. true premises make it improbable for the conclusion to be false

Question 24

key words/phrases

Answer 24

deductive: necessarily, definitely, absolutely
inductive: probably, likely, unlikely, improbable, plausible, implausible

Question 25

strength of argument

Answer 25

deductive: conclusion necessarily true indicative: conclusion only probably true

Question 26

types of arguments

Answer 26

deductive: mathematics, geometry, definitions inductive: legal, analogical, moral, statistical, causal, scientific

Question 27

logic

Answer 27

the systematic use of methods and principles to analyze, evaluate, and construct arguments

Question 28

argument

Answer 28

1. a group of statements in which the conclusion is claimed to follow from the premise 2. arguments can have more than one premise but only one conclusion

Question 29

statement

Answer 29

a sentence that is either true or false

Question 30

truth value

Answer 30

every statement has a truth value either true or false

Question 31

proposition

Answer 31

the information content meaning of a statement

Question 32

sentences with truth value example

Answer 32

the door is open

Question 33

sentences without truth value

Answer 33

1. is the door open: question 2. close the door: command 3. please close the door: request 4. lets close the door: statement

Question 34

the purpose of a premise

Answer 34

to support the conclusion

Question 35

the function of the conclusion

Answer 35

serve as the main point of the argument

Question 36

inferential claim

Answer 36

a passage makes an inferential claim when it expresses a reasoning process

Question 37

most college freshmen have part time jobs. sue is a college freshman. thus, sue has a part time job. answer:

Answer 37

answer:

Question 38

difference between inductive and deductive arguments

Answer 38

deductive has no room for uncertainty inductive does in deductive if the premise is true it is impossible for the conclusion to be false inductive arguments are likely true based on the facts of the premise (establishes a degree of probability)

Question 39

truth analysis

Answer 39

1. concerns statements | 2. a statement is either true or false

Question 40

logical analysis

Answer 40

1. concerns arguments | 2. the relationship between premise and conclusion provides the inferential strength of an argument

Question 41

logical analysis

Answer 41

tells us whether a deductive segment is valid or invalid

Question 42

laid deductive argument

Answer 42

true premises make it impossible for conclusion to be false

Question 43

invalid deductive argument

Answer 43

even if the premises is true it is still possible for the conclusion to be false

Question 44

truth analysis

Answer 44

tells use whether a deductive argument is sound or unsound

Question 45

sound argument

Answer 45

the argument is valid and the premises are, in fact, true

Question 46

unsound argument

Answer 46

the argument is invalid or at least one premise is false

Question 47

valid but unsound argument

Answer 47

(First premise) all elephants can fly. (Second premise) Mikhail Kulakov is an elephant. (Conclusion) Therefore, Mikhail Kulakov can fly.

Question 48

Why was the argument before valid but not sound?

Answer 48

if the two premises were true then the conclusion would be but there is no truth value to the argument

Question 49

how to fix the elephant issue to make it logical and sound

Answer 49

premise 1: if all elephants could fly premise 2: and if M. Kulakov was an elephant conclusion: M. Kulakov would be able to fly

Question 50

validity is recognizing a correct form of an argument, soundness is admitting that the form is correct and the premises are true to fact

Answer 50

t

Question 51

in a valid deductive argument premises necessarily lead to one conclusion on

Answer 51

t

Question 52

a statement is a sentence that must be true

Answer 52

false

Question 53

a proposition is the information content imparted by a statement, or, simply put, its meaning

Answer 53

true

Question 54

a deductive argument is one in which it is claimed that the conclusion follows necessarily from the premises

Answer 54

true

Question 55

an inductive argument os one in which it is claimed that the premises make the conclusion probable

Answer 55

true

Question 56

a valid deductive argument is one where, assuming the premises are true, it is sometimes possible for the conclusion to be false

Answer 56

true

Question 57

a valid argument can be an unsound argument

Answer 57

true

Question 58

an invalid argument can be a sound argument

Answer 58

false

Question 59

a strong inductive argument is such the If the premises are assumed to be true, then the conclusion is probably true

Answer 59

true

Question 60

a weak inductive argument is an argument such that either (a) if the premises are issued to be true, then the conclusions probably not true, or (b) a probably true conclusion does not follow from the premises

Answer 60

true

Question 61

enthymemes

Answer 61

arguments with missing premises, missing conclusions or both

Question 62

the principle of charity

Answer 62

sense of fairness and an ope mind, if we expect others to analyze our arguments in a reasonable way we should do the same

Question 63

arguments are

Answer 63

neither true nor false

Question 64

statements are

Answer 64

neither valid nor invalid nor strong nor weak

Question 65

Inductive arguments are used when there is an unknown, where there is a lack of information

Answer 65

t

Question 66

an opaque jar is a jar you cannot see through

Answer 66

t

Question 67

an inductive argument is cogent when the argument is strong and the premises are true

Answer 67

true

Question 68

an inductive argument is uncogent only when the premises are false

Answer 68

false