SEHS Test for 28/3/25

Question 1

what is inferior?

Answer 1

below or further away from the head
The feet are inferior to the knees: This means the feet are located below the knees in the body’s anatomical position.

The stomach is inferior to the heart: The stomach is positioned lower than the heart in the body.

Question 2

what is superior?

Answer 2

above or nearer to the head
Superior to the knee would refer to something located above the knee, like the thigh or hip.
Superior to the head would typically be used in anatomical terms to refer to something above the head, such as the neck region, which is in relation to the body as a whole.

Question 3

what is proximal?

Answer 3

nearer to where a limb attaches to the body
Proximal to the elbow means closer to where the arm attaches to the shoulder (e.g., the upper arm or shoulder region).
Proximal to the knee means closer to where the leg attaches to the hip (e.g., the thigh or hip area).

Question 4

what is distal

Answer 4

further away from where a limb attaches to the body
The hand is distal to the shoulder because it is farther from the point where the arm attaches to the torso.

The foot is distal to the hip because it is farther from the point where the leg attaches to the pelvis.

Question 5

what is posterior?

Answer 5

behind or nearer to the back
Posterior to the chest refers to the back, as the chest is in the front of the body.
Posterior to the knee refers to the area behind the knee, such as the back of the leg or the hamstrings.

Question 6

what is anterior?

Answer 6

in front or nearer to the front
The chest is anterior to the back, meaning it is positioned toward the front of the torso.

Question 7

what is internal?

Answer 7

located inside or further away from the surface
The bones (like the femur or tibia) are internal compared to the muscles and skin.

Question 8

what is external?

Answer 8

located on or near the surface
The skin or the muscles close to the surface (like those on the forearm) are external.

Question 9

what is lateral

Answer 9

further away from the midline of the body
The arms are lateral to the torso (since they are on the sides of the body, away from the midline).
The ears are lateral to the nose.

Question 10

what is medial?

Answer 10

closer to the midline of the body
The big toe is medial to the other toes because it is closer to the body’s midline.
The sternum is medial to the ribs because it is closer to the centre of the chest.

Question 11

what is intermediate?

Answer 11

two structures, one of which is medial and one of which is lateral
The fibula is intermediate between the tibia (medial) and the skin (lateral). The tibia is closer to the midline of the body, while the fibula is located more laterally, and the skin is on the outermost layer.

Question 12

describe what the axial component is

Answer 12

contains 80 bones including skull, ribs, sternum and vertebral column

Question 13

describe what the appendicular component is

Answer 13

contains 126 bones including the pectoral (shoulder) girdle, the pelvic (hip) girdle and the bones of the upper and lower extremities (arms and legs)

Question 14

what are the three axes of rotation?

Answer 14

1. sagittal axis (going from front to back)
2. frontal axis (going from left to right)
3. longitudinal axis (going from top to bottom)

Question 15

what is the difference between flexion and extension?

Answer 15

motion in the sagittal plane:
flexion is the closing of the joint angle around the frontal axis at the joint whereas extension is the opening of the joint angle around the frontal axis at the joint.

Question 16

what is the difference between abduction and adduction?

Answer 16

motion in the frontal plane -
abduction is the opening of the joint angle around the sagittal axis at the joint whereas adduction is the closing of the joint angle around the sagittal axis at the joint

Question 17

what is the difference between dorsiflexion and plantar flexion and give an example?

Answer 17

dorsiflexion is the flexion of the ankle joint whereas plantar flexion is the extension of the ankle joint

e.g - moving the foot up and down in the sagittal plane

Question 18

what is the difference between eversion and inversion and give an example?

Answer 18

eversion is the medial rotation of the ankle joint whereas inversion is the lateral rotation of the ankle joint.

e.g - “rolling” the foot at the ankle
- from the anatomical position, if the foot is moved so that the sole faces inwards, this is inversion
- if the foot is moved so the sole faces outward, this is eversion

Question 19

What is circumduction?

Answer 19

Circumduction is when a body part moves in a circular motion, like swinging your arm in a circle around your shoulder, similar to a cricket bowling action. It combines movements like extending, moving away from the body, then bringing it back toward the body. This type of movement happens in joints that can move in at least two directions, like the shoulder, hip, wrist, ankle, and thumb.

Question 20

what is isotonic and give an example

Answer 20

During a movement, the force produced by muscles changes depending on the joint angle and muscle length. In the eccentric phase (lowering into a squat), muscles lengthen to control the movement as your knees, hips, and ankles bend. In the concentric phase (standing up from a squat), muscles shorten to lift your body as your knees, hips, and ankles straighten.

Question 21

what is concentric and give an example

Answer 21

it is where contraction occurs when the muscle shortens.
- e.g - during a bicep curl, a concentric contraction occurs when the biceps muscle shortens, generating force to lift the weight as the forearm moves towards the shoulder. The biceps muscle is the primary muscle involved in the movement.

Question 22

what is isometric and give an example

Answer 22

Isometric exercises involve holding a position where the muscle stays the same length and the joint doesn’t move. For example, in a plank, your core, back, and shoulder muscles work to keep your body still in a straight line. The muscles stay engaged but don’t shorten or lengthen during the exercise.

Question 23

what is eccentric and give an example

Answer 23

An eccentric contraction happens when a muscle lengthens while still generating force to control movement. In the eccentric phase of a squat, as you lower yourself down, your leg muscles (like the quadriceps, hamstrings, and glutes) stretch while working to slow the movement and control the descent. This helps absorb the force from gravity and any added weight.

Question 24

what is the difference between agonist antagonist?

Answer 24

The agonist is the main muscle that contracts to create movement, like the biceps in a bicep curl. The antagonist works in the opposite direction, controlling or slowing down the movement by lengthening, like the biceps and other muscles when lowering the weight. In this case, the triceps doesn’t contract because it would push the weight down too fast instead of helping control the descent.

Question 25

what is the difference between synergist and stabiliser?

Answer 25

A stabilizer muscle keeps a body part steady so another part can move, like your core muscles holding your torso still while your arms and legs move. A synergist helps control movement by stopping unwanted actions, such as when muscles prevent the forearm from rotating while the biceps bend the elbow. Synergists usually contract without moving to keep the movement focused and controlled.

Question 26

what are tendons?

Answer 26

Tendons are tough, flexible tissues that connect muscles to bones, helping muscles move joints. Some tendons are like cords, while others are flat sheets, and they may be surrounded by sheaths with fluid to reduce friction. Unlike tendons and ligaments, muscles have good blood flow and nerve connections, allowing them to heal faster and contract when they receive signals from the nervous system.

Question 27

what are ligaments?

Answer 27

Ligaments are strong, flexible tissues that connect bones to each other and help stabilize joints by limiting movement. They can be strap-like or cord-like and prevent the joint from moving in ways it shouldn't. If stretched too far, ligaments can tear and take a long time to heal, and if they don’t fully recover, the joint becomes weaker and more prone to injury.

Question 28

what is cartilage?

Answer 28

Cartilage is a strong, flexible tissue that can bend and return to its original shape. It doesn't have blood vessels or nerves, except in the outer layer, and helps reduce friction in joints and absorb shock. Since cartilage doesn’t get direct blood flow, it heals very slowly when injured.

Question 29

what is the structure and function of fibrous and synovial joints

Answer 29

Fibrous joints are connected by a thin layer of fibrous tissue, allowing little to no movement, and are found in places like the skull sutures for stability and protection. Synovial joints, on the other hand, are the most common and flexible joints in the body, with a smooth cavity and cartilage that reduce friction and absorb shock, allowing for greater mobility. The surrounding capsule and ligaments provide additional support and stability to these joints.

Question 30

what is the structure and function of a synovial joint?

Answer 30

A Synovial joint is made up of bones covered in smooth cartilage, a tough capsule, and a membrane that makes fluid to keep the joint lubricated and nourished. Ligaments help hold the bones together, and some joints have extra cushioning to reduce friction. These joints allow movement like bending, rotating, and circling, while the fluid and structure keep everything moving smoothly and help absorb shock.

Question 31

what are the 1,2 and 3 levers of mechanical advantage and what implications this has?

Answer 31

Mechanical advantage shows how much easier it is to lift or move a load using a lever. First-class levers can have high or low mechanical advantage depending on where the fulcrum is Second-class levers always make lifting easier because the load is in the middle, meaning less effort is needed to lift heavy objects (like standing on your toes). Third-class levers need more force but allow for faster, more precise movement, since the effort is in the middle, requiring more force to move a load. So, second-class levers are great for lifting heavy things, while third-class levers are better for quick movements.

Question 32

What is involved in Newton's Laws

Answer 32

Kinematics is the study of movement, which happens in different ways: Linear motion moves in a straight line, like a hockey puck sliding on ice. Curvilinear motion follows a curved path, like a ball flying through the air. Angular motion rotates around an axis, like a gymnast spinning on a high bar. General motion combines linear and angular movement, like a runner moving forward while their arms and legs rotate. First Law (Inertia): An object stays still or moves at the same speed unless an unbalanced force acts on it. Second Law (F = ma): Acceleration depends on force and mass—more force means faster movement. Third Law (Action-Reaction): Every action has an equal and opposite reaction. Second Law: A sprinter accelerates faster by applying more force against the ground. Third Law: When the sprinter pushes backward on the blocks, the blocks push them forward with equal force. Combined Effect: More force on the ground means faster acceleration and speed.

Question 33

What occurs during a contraction in the sliding filament theory?

Answer 33

During a muscle contraction, the sliding filament theory explains that the actin (thin) filaments slide over the myosin (thick) filaments, causing the muscle to shorten. The myosin heads grab onto the actin and pull, making the muscle contract. This process is powered by energy from ATP, causing the muscle to produce force and move.

Question 34

What are the stages of the Phases of Movement analysis?

Answer 34

The phases of movement analysis are used to break down and understand the different stages of a movement: Preparatory Phase: This is the setup or initial position before the movement begins. The body prepares by positioning itself and generating the necessary tension to perform the movement effectively. Force Production Phase: This is the phase where the main action happens, and force is generated to perform the movement. It involves the muscles working to produce power and motion. Critical Instant Phase: This is the moment of peak action, where the most important part of the movement takes place, such as the point of release in a throw or the contact in a jump. Recovery Phase: After the critical moment, this phase allows the body to return to a resting or starting position, preparing for the next movement or to finish the action smoothly.