Self and Social Identity Flashcards

Question

What is meant by Interpersonal scripts ?

Answer 1

Interpersonal scripts are learned sequences of behaviours and responses that guide individuals through specific social interactions, providing guidelines on how to behave and what to say based on past experiences and social norms. Learn to anticipate these schemas when using ‘IF’ or ‘When’ e.g. “If I work late my manager will think I’m a hard worker”.

Answer 2

**Smith and Henry (1996)** asked students to describe (a) themselves, (b) an ingroup, and (c) a corresponding outgroup on 90 traits. (Ingroup was their subject and outgroup was another subject). After a delay, participants made speeded yes–no self-descriptiveness judgments of the same traits. !!! Participants were quicker to identify traits shared with the ingroup compared to unshared traits. Three possible explanations emerged: - Social cognitive theory - People affiliate with groups mirroring their own attributes - projection

Answer 3

Group attributes become part of the self-concept, linking mental representations of the self and the ingroup directly.

Answer 4

Individuals project their own traits onto their ingroups, viewing the group based on their own characteristics.

Answer 5

**Validity**: Self verification through feedback in environment (‘Have I done the right thing’) **Consistency:** self-confirmation, we want to ideally have an internally consistent idea about ourselves **Favourability:** on the other hand, we want to feel good about ourselves – process is much more about self enhancement rather than self-verification. The outcome is a certain state of self-esteem.

Answer 6

A positive attitude towards the self – vital for day-to-day functioning.

Answer 7

Act of building ones self-esteem. Highly linked with the engagement of positive thinking and self-help techniques.

Answer 8

1. Rosenberg’s self-esteem scale 2. Implicit association test 3. Attitude priming task 4. Stroop task

Answer 9

Self-affirmation involves affirming one's values and strengths to protect self-esteem -Self-affirmation can mitigate the effects of stereotype threat by boosting confidence and self-worth.

Answer 10

Stereotype threat occurs when individuals fear confirming negative stereotypes about their group, leading to anxiety, reduced performance & self-fulfilling prophecies

Answer 11

2 year longitudinal study Investigated self-affirmation's impact on stereotype threat on a range of backgrounds and abilities - Found self-affirmation helped low performing, stereotyped African American students perform better than those in nonstereotyped, high performing groups who didn’t engage in self-affirmation - Suggests self-affirmation buffers stereotype threat, improving performance in marginalized groups

Answer 12

Self-affirmation (Steele., 1998): Individuals adapt to info or experiences that are threatening to our self-concept. This works by alleviating discomfort by affirming unrelated concepts such as ‘I am not spell well but I excel in stats’ Social comparison: comparing ourselves to those worse off on the comparison point through self-reflection. This builds our PERSONAL and SOCIAL identity

Answer 13

Consequences Motivates individuals to seek membership in prestigious groups because being associated with such groups enhances their own self-worth Become invested in the success and reputation of their groups, striving for their groups to achieve positive outcome Feel attached to our groups

Answer 14

- Social context, raising questions about objectivity - Our understanding of things is shaped by the wolrd aorun us - how much can we truly see things objectively. - We see differences within groups but when we look at other groups we think of them as all being the same

Answer 15

acknowledges differences within one's own group

Answer 16

Perceives members of others groups as uniform.

Answer 17

In an experiment, participants recognized ingroup members better than outgroup members, reflecting this bias. White people recognise white photos and black people recognise black faces. In group perception is better those in the ingroup.

Answer 18

Another study on age perception showed discrimination between age groups, highlighting ageism as a form of prejudice.

Answer 19

**(Tajifel & Turner., 1979)** Brings together self, groups and social cognition Our sense of self is closely tied to our group memberships. The process of identifying with groups drives various interactions in both ingroups (groups we belong to) & outgroups (groups we don’t belong to)

Answer 20

**Grouping objects and people** Explored how boundaries influence perceptions of similarity and dissimilarity. Used a line ordering task with stimulus materials (spikes) to demonstrate this. Participants easily ordered lines on a continuum. When told there were two types of lines (A and B), perceptions slightly changed. Creating boundaries led to overemphasis on differences between groups. Showed that what works in the physical world with lines applies to the social world. Demonstrated how perceptions are influenced by social categorization and group boundaries.

Answer 21

Group formation is a complex topic, often tied to shared experiences and interdependence. However, Tajfel proposed that categorization alone is enough to create groups. To demonstrate this, he developed the minimal group paradigm. While factors like interdependence and common fate are important (Lewin., 1948), Tajfel's work suggests that categorization is the primary driver of group behaviour.

Answer 22

Involves assigning participants to groups based on arbitrary criteria. Even without meaningful differences between the groups, participants show favouritism toward their ingroup and discrimination against outgroups, highlighting the influence of social categorization on behaviour. In the study put in groups based on arbitrary criteria based on dot estimator task, ptc consistently favoured own group giving more rewards to group members.

Self and Social Identity Flashcards

(46 cards)