Self Report

Question 1

Two main self report technology techniques?

Answer 1

Questionnaires
Interviews

Question 2

Structured Interview

Answer 2

Fixed set of questions in same order

Question 3

Semi structured interview

Answer 3

Few set of questions. Able to ask follow up questions based on response

Question 4

Unstructured Interview

Answer 4

Topic/ Theme but no questions In advance

Question 5

Structured Interview Strengths?

Answer 5

• Procedure Highly standardised
• Easy comparisons

Question 6

Semi - structured Strengths?

Answer 6

• Some degree of consistency
• Allows researcher to clarify answers and to go deeper

Question 7

Unstructured Strengths?

Answer 7

• No restriction
• More detail

Question 8

Strengths of using self report?:

Answer 8

• Allows insight
• Attitudes and Feelings
• Beneficial investigating internal processes like memory

Question 9

Weaknesses self- report?

Answer 9

• Risk of participant- dishonest in responses
• Due= Demand characteristics/ social desirability

Question 10

Open Questions?

Answer 10

Allows extended response

Question 11

Closed question?

Answer 11

Selected answers from fixed list of responses

Question 12

Open Questions strengths?

Answer 12

• Fully expressed views no limitation
• more detailed qualitative data

Question 13

Open Question Weaknesses?

Answer 13

• Difficult to compare
• Time consuming

Question 14

Closed Questions strengths?

Answer 14

• Quantitative data easy to analyse/ compare
• Easier and quicker to complete

Question 15

Closed Question Weaknesses?

Answer 15

• Force participants to choose an option that doesn’t match opinion
• Lacks details to explain answers given

Question 16

Standard rating scale?

Answer 16

Respondent marks attitude toward a topic/ concept

1= really enjoy 10= really hate

Question 17

Likert Scale?

Answer 17

In form of a statement from options to select

1= Strongly agree

5= Strongly Disagree

Question 18

Semantic Differential?

Answer 18

Attitude object followed by options to select words of opposite meanings at each end of scale

Exciting…………….Scary

Thrilling…………….Boring

Question 19

Rating scale Strengths?

Answer 19

• Allows participants to express how they feel
• Generate quantitative data easily analysed and compared

Question 20

Rating scale Weaknesses?

Answer 20

• Lacks depth and reasons for why they rated that
• Can be in interpreted differently leading to lack of reliability

-People - tendency to pick middle answer so view isn’t extreme

• May get in a pattern and respond the same way

Question 21

Nominal Data

Answer 21

Data in named categories – no order or ranking.

Qualitative

Example: Types of snacks chosen – crisps, chocolate, fruit, etc.

Stat test: Chi-Square, Sign test

✅ Easy to collect
❌ Very basic – limited statistical analysis

Question 22

Ordinal Data

Answer 22

Definition: Data that can be ranked or ordered, but intervals aren’t equal.

Type: Quantitative, but subjective scaling

Example: Rating pain from 1 to 10; positions in a race

Stat test: Mann-Whitney U, Wilcoxon, Spearman’s Rho

✅ More informative than nominal
❌ Can’t assume equal gaps between points

Question 23

Interval Data

Answer 23

Definition: Data with equal units, but no true zero.

Type: Quantitative, objective

Example: Temperature in Celsius (0°C isn’t “no temperature”)

Stat test: Same as ordinal if not assuming normal distribution

✅ Allows powerful statistical analysis
❌ No true zero = can’t say “twice as much”

Question 24

Ratio

Answer 24

Definition: Like interval, but has a true zero point.

Type: Quantitative

Example: Height (0cm = no height), time taken, number of errors

Stat test: Parametric tests (not often used at A Level)

✅ Most powerful – can use all statistical tests
❌ Harder to collect in psychology (not always applicable)

Question 25

Nominal Data Strengths?

Answer 25

✅ Strengths: Easy to collect Quick to analyse

Question 26

Ordinal Data Strengths?

Answer 26

✅ Strengths: More detail than nominal Good for opinions/attitudes

Question 27

Nominal Weaknesses?

Answer 27

❌ Weaknesses: Very basic Can’t do much analysis

Question 28

Ordinal Weaknesses?

Answer 28

❌ Weaknesses: Gaps between scores aren’t equal Less precise than interval/ratio

Question 29

Interval Strengths?

Answer 29

✅ Strengths: Precise measurements Allows more statistical tests

Question 30

Interval Weaknesses?

Answer 30

❌ Weaknesses: No true zero → can't say "twice as much" Less intuitive for everyday understanding

Question 31

Ratio Strengths?

Answer 31

✅ Strengths: Most detailed and powerful True zero = full range of stats

Question 32

Ratio Weaknesses?

Answer 32

❌ Weaknesses: Not always available in psychology Can be harder to collect