Selman’s Levels Of Perspective Taking

Question 1

✅ [SELMAN] Longitudinal evidence of perspective-taking:

Answer 1

E: Gurucharri and Selman - longitudinal studies show that perspective-taking ability develops overtime (40/41)
E: patterns of development were observed overtime in the same children
- C: can be influenced be extraneous variable such as changes in the child’s environment,ent or social experiences.
(+validity)

Question 2

✅ [SELMAN] Application to conflict resolution in education:

Answer 2

E: Walker and Selman - showed it could be used to reduce aggression by encouraging individuals to empathise with others’ feelings and viewpoints.
E: e.g. team sports
(+application)

Question 3

X [SELMAN] Underestimates cultural factors;

Answer 3

E: Wu and Keysar - Chinese children outperformed American children in these perspective-taking tasks (perhaps because it is a collectivist culture)
- perspective-taking is too biologically deterministic
(-generalisability)