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PSY3456 EXAM SEM 1 > SEM 1 EXAM > Flashcards

SEM 1 EXAM Flashcards

1
Q

AETIOLOGY OF PHOBIAS

A
  • heritable

- classical conditioning

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2
Q

treatment phobias

A

exposure-based

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3
Q

panic disorder/ agoraphobia treatment

A
  • cbt
  • medication
  • psychoeducation
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4
Q

aetiology of GAD

A
  • info processing model
  • meta cognitive model
  • avoidance theory
  • intolerance of uncertainty
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5
Q

treatment GAD

A
  • meds
  • cbt
  • Interpersonal psychotherapy
  • mindfulness meditation
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6
Q

epidemiology depression

A

3.1 men and 5.1 women %%

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7
Q

problems ass with depression

A

suicide
co-morbid anxiety disorders
impaired social and occupational functioning
physical health probs

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8
Q

aetiology of depression

A
  • genetic
  • polymorphism on 5-HTTLPT gene
  • neurotransmitter imbalance
  • hyperactivity in HPA
  • structure abnormalities pre- frontal cortex, hippocampus, anterior cingulate cortex and the amygdala
  • environment
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9
Q

theories: aetiology depression COGNITIVE

A

cognitive:
- depressive attributional style seeing negative events as due to internal,
global, and stable factors
- Beck’s negative cognitive triad – depressed people hold a negative view of the self, the world and the future, and this view is maintained by cognitive distortions

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10
Q

theories: aetiology depression: BEHAVIORUAL

A
  • Focus on contingencies associated with depressed and non-depressed
    behaviours
  • Highlight the role of poor coping skills
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11
Q

theories aetiology depression PSYCHOANALYTIC

A

depression is a form of pathological grief

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12
Q

treatment depression: pharma and physical approaches

A

– Medication
– Non-medical…
– Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation
– Vagus nerve stimulation
– Bright light therapy for seasonal affective disorder – Electroconvulsive therapy (for severe depression)

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13
Q

ABC METHOD

A

Activating event
Beliefs
Consequences/feelings/behaviours

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14
Q

treatment depression (psychological approaches)

A
  • CBT
  • interpersonal psychotherapy
  • psychodynamic therapy
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15
Q

problems with BPD

A

anxiety
substance misuse
social/eco costs
suicide

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16
Q

bpd and creativity

A

association

shared vulnerability model: vulnerability of creativity share factors such as cognitive disinhibition..

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17
Q

aetiology bpd

A

biological
stressful life events
psychological factors

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18
Q

treatment bpd

A

mood stabilising medication

  • cbt
  • IPSRT
  • Hospitalisation
  • mindfulness based cbt
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19
Q

aetiology ocd

A
  • neuropsychological model; failure of inhibitory pathways

- cognitive model

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20
Q

treatment OCD

A
  • meds

- cbt

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21
Q

Aetiology of PTSD

A
  • cognitive models
  • learning accounts (CC)
  • biological accounts (extreme arousal at time of trauma)
  • avoidance
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22
Q

treatment PTSD

A
  • meds

- cbt

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23
Q

AETIOLOGY anorexia

A
  • moderate genetic
  • interaction g and env
  • high levels of serotonin
  • abnormal function of neuroendocrine system (fullness/hunger)
  • brain abnormalities
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24
Q

treatment anorexia/ bulimia

A
  • cbt
  • motivational enhancement therapy (MET)
  • family therapy/ maudsley model
  • pharma approaches
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25
Q

aetiology bullimia

A
  • genetic
  • reduced serotonergic function
  • familial predis to obesity, substance use and mood disorders
  • epigenetic factors: exposure to maternal stress
  • under/over nutrition in utero
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26
Q

aetiology bullimia/binge eating - dual pathway model

A

dietary restriction -> negative affect -> binge eating episode

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27
Q

aetiology binge eating

A
  • genetic
  • serotonin dysfucntion
  • hormonal disturbances
  • many develop depression b4
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28
Q

treatment binge eating

A

same as other disorders
- behavioural weight loss
pharma: SSRIs
anticonvulsants

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29
Q

substance use epi

A

alcohol most used in AUS

  • comorbidity major challenge in treatment
  • 35% have other mental issues
  • earlier first use - increase risk of substance use disorder
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30
Q

aetiology of substance use disorders

A
  • loss of control
  • choice theory
  • strong genetic component
  • reward systems: dopaminergic system & endogenous opioid system
  • inhibition dysregulation argues result of a failure of inhibitory system
  • learning, CC, inventive sensitisation theory
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31
Q

personality theories: SU

A

interaction b/w novelty seeking, harm avoidance, and reward dependence

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32
Q

cognitive theories: SU

A
  • outcome expectancy theory: individual’s expectation of positive consequences from substance use increases propensity to use
  • relapse prevention theory -CBT of AU
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33
Q

motivation: SU

A 
PRIME theory 
Plans
Teaches
Accounts 
Adresses
Acknowledges
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34
Q

social and cultural factors: SU

A
  • family function, modelling, monitoring, permissive or too harsh
  • peers
  • substance use in marginalised communities
    cultural: availability, cost, social acceptability
35
Q

treatment SU

A
  • goals
  • detoxification (1st step)
  • medications
  • motivational interviewing
  • CBTraining
  • recovery models
36
Q

aetiology of gambling

A

serotonin, dopamine and noradrenaline -> inhibitory control, reward mechanisms and arousal
- personality: impulsivity
classical and operant conditioning
parental modelling and early neg childhood experiences
- cultural attitudes
- integrated pathways model (behaviourally conditioned, emotionally vulnerable, biologically based problem

37
Q

treatment gambling

A

public health model - prevention

  • gamblers anonymous - self-help
  • pharma, SSRIs, opioid antagonists, mood stabilisers,
  • primal addiction
  • cbt
38
Q
  1. factor approaches to personality disorders

2. becks cognitive model

A
  1. degree to which person demonstrates certain traits and combinations of traits
  2. Beck’s cognitive model: role of dysfunctional core beliefs about themselves, others and the world
39
Q

Youngs schema therapy for treatment of personality disorders

A

schema therapy: EMSs and Modes

  1. Rigid and resistant to change.
  2. Educate about schemas and use cognitive and behavioural techniques to modify them

Early maladaptive schemas (EMSs / life traps)
- Unrelenting Standards:
(achievement and morality)
- All disorders

Modes:

  • More state like, but very consistent
  • E.g., Angry Child (“feels intensely angry, enraged, infuriated, frustrated, impatient because the core emotional (or physical) needs are not being met”)
  • For Borderline and Narcissism
40
Q

dialectical behavioural therapy (personality disorder)

A
  1. Linehan
  2. For Borderline personality disorder but also for others (e.g., antisocial, substance abuse, and eating)
  3. Disturbances emotional regulation
  4. Biosocial model: due to interaction between biologically-based vulnerability and ‘invalidating’ environments
  5. Group (skills and intensive) as well as individual
  6. Clinically useful
41
Q

treatment personality disorder (ryle and cognitive analytic therapy)

A
  1. Links cognitive psychology with object relations approach
  2. Reciprocal role procedures: complimentary patterns regarding how individual enacts in relationships
  3. Therapy: helping the person to develop an understanding of these reciprocal role procedures
42
Q

cluster A disorders (aetiology and treatment)

A

aetiology:
genetic neurological abnormalities with certain enviro conditions

treatment:
- difficult - trust and intimacy issues
cbt, medication

43
Q

cluster B disorders (aetiology and treatment)

A

aetiology of antisocial PD
- interaction: genetic vulnerability and adverse environmental conditions

treatment

  • mentalisation-based treatment
  • antidepr & lithium and antipsychotic medication (debate)
44
Q

cluster B pd aet & treatment

A

borderline PD aetiology

  • genetic & biological influences
  • strong association with psychosocial factors (childhood trauma)
treatment 
DBT
psychodynamic
cbt 
scheme therapy
cognitive analytic therapy
45
Q

key considerations in childhood disorders

A
  • age/devel. level
  • dependence on parents
  • internal experiences
  • adults reactions/ interpretations
46
Q

3 subtypes of ADHD

A
  • inattentive
  • hyperactive/impulsive
  • combined
47
Q

treatment ADHD

A
  • behavioural interventions

- psychopharmacology + psychological treatments together most effective

48
Q

diagnosing autism

A
  • deficits in social-emotional reciprocity
  • deficits in nonverbal communicative behaviours
  • deficits in relationships
  • sameness, receptiveness, sensory issues
49
Q

what is Theory of Mind

A

ability to attribute mental states— beliefs, intents, desires, emotions, knowledge, etc.—to oneself, and to others, and to understand that others have beliefs, desires, intentions, and perspectives that are different from one’s own.

50
Q

Separation Anxiety

A

excessive worry about separation from home or attachment figures, losing them, refusal to go places, fear of being alone
- CBT

51
Q

Oppositional defiant disorder

A
  • angry/irritable mood
  • argumentative/defiant behaviour
  • vindictiveness
52
Q

aetiology: Oppositional defiant disorder

A

alterations in androgen

  • differences in frontal brain activation
  • brain injury
  • parental role
53
Q

Conduct disorder?

A

aggression to people or animals - societal norms violated persistently and repetitive (age-appropriate)

54
Q

Enuresis what is it?

A

emptying of bladder
Two categories:
• Primary enuresis, where the child has never been dry
• Secondary enuresis, where the child has had a period of dryness for at least six months
- grow out of it

55
Q

what is encopresis

A

Repetitive soiling in inappropriate places at least once a month for three months

56
Q

Course of psychotic disorders

A
  1. Premorbid phase—presence of risk factors prior to the onset of any symptoms
  2. Prodromal phase—preliminary period of decline in mental state and functioning prior to onset
  3. Acute phase—active positive and negative symptoms
  4. Early recovery phase—associated with depression and anxiety
  5. Later recovery phase—challenges with reintegrating into social, recreational and vocational pursuits
57
Q

aetiology of psychosis

A 
diathesis-stress model
vulnerability factors: 
neurotransmitters abnormalities
- psychosocial
- triggering factors (drugs/alc, stress, both)
58
Q

Hallucinations causes

A

Dysfunction in auditory imagery theory: Hallucinating individuals them for actual sounds.
• Refined auditory imagery theory: Hallucinating cannot tell the difference between actual and hallucinated sound.
• Dysfunction in verbal self monitoring: Breakdown in ability to monitor one’s intention to make internal speech
• Hallucinations and cognitive deficit: Increased susceptibility to intrusive and unwanted cognitive activity

59
Q

Delusions

A
  • jumping to conclusion bias
  • blame others
  • spreading activation hypothesis
60
Q

somatic and dissociative disorders? what are they?

A

somatic - prominent anxiety
about health (illness anxiety disorder)
dissociative - loss of identity

61
Q

what is conversion disorder?

A

disturbance in motor or sensory functioning

62
Q

What is munchausens syndrome

A

Factitious disorder imposed on another (previously called Munchausen syndrome by proxy) is when someone falsely claims that another person has physical or psychological signs or symptoms of illness, or causes injury or disease in another person with the intention of deceiving others.

63
Q

aetiology of somatic disorders

A 
biological:
- under-activity of the HPA axis 
- neurobiological modles 
trauma 
personality: development of alexithymia, can predispose)
64
Q

treatment of sexual dysfunction

A

CBT

  • Behaviour therapy: combo of education, sensate focus exercises, communication skills
  • internet based treatment
  • meds
65
Q

What is paraphilic sexual activity

A

atypical sexual activities (children, non-consenting adults, non-human objects, humiliation of others or self)

66
Q

Examples of paraphilic disorders

A
  • Exhibitionistic—exposing genitals to an involuntary observer
  • Fetishistic—use of nonliving object for sexual gratification
  • Frotteuristic—touching or rubbing against a non-consenting person for sexual gratification
  • Paedophilic—sexual activity with children
  • Sexual masochistic and sexual sadism—experience of sexual stimulation through the infliction of pain or humiliation on another person
  • Transvestic—cross-dressing
  • Voyeuristic—looking at unsuspecting individuals as they undress
67
Q

what is gender dysphoria

A

gender expression different from what assigned at birth

68
Q

emotional wellbeing and ageing

A

improve with increasing age

better coping strategies

69
Q

Social changes with age: Carstensens socioemotional selectivity theory:

A
  • Greater focus on meaningful relationships

- Perceived received social support predicts relationship satisfaction

70
Q

What is Baltes theory of selection, optimisation and compensation (SOC)

A
  • Active choices to adapt to events that might limit pursuit of goals
71
Q

What is alzheimers disease

A
  • most common dementia
  • causes: neurofibrillary tangles, neuritic changes, produced by a toxic molecule known as amyloid beta
  • cognitive dysfunction
  • memory impairment
  • personality changes, behaviour problems,
  • hallucinations
72
Q

aphasia

A

language disturbance

73
Q

apraxia

A

inability to carry out motor activities

74
Q

agnosia

A

failure to recognise objects

as well as decline in exec functioning - planning, organising (not agnosia)

75
Q

What is vascular dementia

A

2nd or third most common form of dementia
Causes: multiple strokes
- single infarct (stroke)
- small vessel disease in the brain

76
Q

What r the other forms of dementia

A

Frontotemporal dementia

Lewy body dementia

77
Q

Treatment of dementia

A

psych and beh interventions
Vaccine to slow progression?
- Optimal care of individuals with dementia
- Lifestyle: mental and physical activity

78
Q

What is the self regulation theory in health psychology

A

Individuals work towards goals to maintain emotional comfort decrease the effect of a health event on their lives
- Response to health threat based on cognitive and emotional representations of the illness

79
Q

Five key components of the self-regulation theory

A

ICTCC
Identity, Cause, Timeline, Consequences, Control

  • Emotional representation of the illness such as fear, anxiety or resignation
    • Emotional responses impact on behaviour by motivating responses that reduce negative emotions and increase positive emotions
80
Q

What are the levels of intervention by O’Connell et al., (2009)

A 
bottom-up
Universal preventive interventions
Selective preventive interventions
Indicated preventive interventions
Treatment
81
Q

Relationship b/w stress & disease

A
  • can disturb the immune system
  • impact on cancer in contradictory and unclear

But goes through 3 stages:
Stage 1 Alarm reaction (sympathetic dominance, arousal)
Stage 2 Resistance
(Endocrine releases stress hormones )
Stage 3 Exhaustion
Adrenal gland loses ability to function normally

82
Q

What to morse & Johnson (1991) propose (health psych)

A

levels of anxiety can be high

role of positive affect and coping in response to illness - important

83
Q

Problem solving in stress management?

A

Describe and explore options, and then look at pros & cons of options before deciding

84
Q

maladaptive stress?

A

Maladaptive
– Problem focused when many of the elements are essentially uncontrollable
– Emotion-focused when the stress has many controllable elements

PSY3456 EXAM SEM 1 (1 decks)

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