sem 1 exam revision

Question 1

DoD TCP/IP Layer 4

Answer 1

Application Layer: Enables the user to interact with the app or network

Question 2

DoD TCP/IP Layer 3

Answer 2

Transport Layer: Transfers data across a network uses protocols like TCP and UDP

Question 3

DoD TCP/IP Layer 2

Answer 3

Internet Layer: Handles packaging, addressing and routing of data

Question 4

DoD TCP/IP Layer 1

Answer 4

Network Access Layer: handles moving data into and out of a network (Wi-Fi, cables).

Question 5

OSI Layer 7

Answer 5

Application Layer: Interface for the user, supports services like HTTP, SMTP, FTP.

Question 6

OSI Layer 6

Answer 6

Presentation Layer: Ensures data is transferred through the network in a suitable format

Question 7

OSI Layer 5

Answer 7

Session Layer: Manages connections (sessions), between local and remote applications

Question 8

OSI Layer 4

Answer 8

Transport Layer: Ensures complete data transfer, handles errors and flow control, uses TCP and UDP protocols.

Question 9

OSI Layer 3

Answer 9

Network Layer: Handles IP addressing and routing of data packets across networks.

Question 10

OSI Layer 2

Answer 10

Data Link Layer: Uses MAC addresses, prepares data for physical layer, handles error-free transfer of data packets.

Question 11

OSI Layer 1

Answer 11

Physical Layer: Transfers raw bits over a medium like cables or radio waves.

Question 12

2D arrays

Answer 12

array within an array

Question 13

creating instances from classes

Answer 13

my_pet = Pet(“Buddy”, 3, “John Doe”)

Question 14

calling methods from classes

Answer 14

my_pet.show_owner()

Question 15

inheritance

Answer 15

where one class (child) has the same attributes as another class (parent)

an example is a dog class (child) has some attributes from pet class (parent) but has its own additional attributes (like breed)

Question 16

polymorphism

Answer 16

method of an object which allows it to take multiple forms

Question 17

instantiation

Answer 17

blueprint that defines attributes and methods that objects will have

Question 18

abstraction

Answer 18

hiding complex implementation details

Question 19

encapsulation

Answer 19

bundling of data (variables) and methods that operate into a single unit - a class

Question 20

bubble sort

Answer 20

• comparison-based sorting algorithm that swap elements next to each other if in the wrong order
  1. start at the beginning of list
  2. compare each pair of elements in a list
  3. if they are in the wrong order, swap them
  4. repeat steps 2-3 until the end of list is reached
  5. if any swaps was made in the previous pass, repeat steps 1-4
• time complexity of O(n^2)

Question 21

insertion sort

Answer 21

1. start with second element of list
2. compare current element with elements to the left
3. if current element is smaller, shift larger elements to the right
4. repeat steps 2-3 until current element is in correct position

Question 22

acceptance testing

Answer 22

-focuses on verifying whether the new system meets the needs and requirements of its intended users
- involves testing the systems functionality, usability and performance to ensure it aligns with the expectations of end-users

Question 23

mix of transaction types

Answer 23

• simulating various transaction scenarios ensures the system can handle them correctly under a variety of different circumstances
• an example is a banking system

Question 24

breakpoints

Answer 24

pausing the execution of code and examine the code

Question 25

desk checking

Answer 25

- mentally executing the code line by line - helps identifying errors by keeping track of the variables

Question 26

viruses

Answer 26

Malicious code that attaches to other programs and replicates, spreading from computer to computer.

Question 27

worms

Answer 27

Similar to viruses but spread independently without attaching to other files.

Question 28

trojans

Answer 28

Disguised as legitimate software, allowing attackers remote access and control upon installation.

Question 29

spyware

Answer 29

Monitors and collects user activity (browsing history, keystrokes, personal information).

Question 30

ransomware

Answer 30

Encrypts files and demands ransom for decryption.

Question 31

adware

Answer 31

Displays unwanted advertisements.