Sem 1 Final Flashcards
(149 cards)
0
Q
Stoics
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Philosophers who believed in brotherhood of humans and being clam. Famous stoics include Seneca and Epictetus.
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Philosophy
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Comes from roots philo-sophia, meaning a love of wisdom. Philosophers think deeply about great questions.
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Epistle
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A letter from an apostle
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B.C.
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Before Christ, refers to the years before the birth of Jesus
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B.C.E.
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Before Common Era, the secular alternative to B.C.
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A.D.
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Anno Domini, which translates to The Year of Our Lord. Refers to the years after Jesus’s birth.
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C.E.
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Common Era. The secular alternative to A.D.
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ca./circa
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Means ‘about’
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Gentiles
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The Jewish word for non-Jews.
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Sabbath
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Saturday, the holy day for Jews. People weren’t supposed to carry out ordinary business or work.
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kosher
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Jewish dietary laws regarding what was deemed clean and unclean.
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Apocalyptic
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A writing style, found frequently in the book of Revelations, revolving around end of the world scenarios.
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Sadducees
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Served as priests in Jerusalem
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Zealots
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Sicarii, assassins. Often warlike, drove Romans out of Palestine.
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Essenes
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A Jewish sect that involved fasting and prayer in the desert. They believed they were more pure than others and separated themselves from Jerusalem. Often regarded as the authors of the Dead Sea scrolls.
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Pharisees
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Jewish sect that strictly observed the law of Moses.
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Blasphemy
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Dishonoring God, claiming for one’s self what is only God’s.
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Disciples
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Students to the world.
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Apostles
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Those who are sent to preach good news.
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Catholic
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Universal; for all people
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Ekklesia
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Assembly; church.
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Eucharistia
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Thanksgiving.
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Amen
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Yes; we agree
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Eu angelion
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Good news; gospel
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Basileia
Kingdom; kingly activity; reign (of God)
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Metanoiete
Repent; convert; change one's mind
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Christos
Christ; Messaiah
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Demoniac
One who is possessed by a demon
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Leper
Someone with a skin disease, specifically leprosy. Often exiled from society and forced to live in separate communities to keep the disease from spreading.
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Scribe
People who can read and write
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Son of Man
Title taken from the Book of Daniel. "A mysterious figure who comes on the clouds of heaven and receives dominion over all people."
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Synagogue
Jewish house of worship.
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Leaven
Yeast
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Hyperbole
An exaggeration
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Gehenna
A figurative equivalent to hell; a valley deemed cursed.
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Gethsemane
The garden where Jesus prayed the night before his crucifixion
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Sanhedrin
The original ruling council of the Jewish people
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Passion
From Latin passus, means suffering.
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Doctrine
Teaching (of the Church)
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Orthodoxy
Straight teaching
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Heterodoxy
Other teachings
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Heretic
From the Greek word for choose, a person in a position of authority who chooses the other teaching
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Bishop
Episcopos, overseer of a city and its surrounding area.
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Diocese
The city and surrounding area under the reign of a specific bishop
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Cathedral
A bishop's church
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Deacon
Assisted at worship services and performed various kinds of service.
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Presbyter
Wise elders, the forerunners of modern priests
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Dualism
The idea that the spirit is good, pure, and everlasting, while matter is corruptible, passing, and in the views of some, evil.
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Docetism
The belief that Jesus is entirely God and only appeared human
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Gnosticism
Heretical movement, believed that Christ was an emissary of a remote supreme divine being. Those who followed the movement believed that because of the knowledge they had, that they were saved and on a higher plane than everyone else.
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Incarnation
Jesus is flesh and blood, human.
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Martyr
One who dies for their beliefs.
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313/Edict of Milan
Issued by Constantine, ended the persecution of Christians.
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Constantine
The Emperor who ended the persecution of Christians, was Baptized, and promoted Christianity in his government
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Catechumen
People who are preparing for Baptism
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Adoptionism
Jesus was a good man, so the father adopted him as the son.
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Trinity
The father (God), the son (Jesus), and the Holy Spirit.
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Doctor of the Church
Honorary title for a great teacher
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Father of the Church
Honorary title for a great Christian thinker of early times.
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Saint
Holy person
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Confessions
Written by Augustine, the first autobiography ever written. It covers his "wild life" when he was younger and how he was converted.
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City of God
Written by Augustine to answer the Pagan's question of, "Why worship the Christian God, who does not protect the Empire from defeats?"
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Grace
The innate goodness of God
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Providence
Over-seeing
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Fate
The concept that some or all events are predetermined and unable to be changed.
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Astrology
The practice of using the stars to predict the future
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Anthony
Inspired by a passage from the gospel of Matthew about the man who asked Jesus how to attain eternal life, he gave up his affluent lifestyle and became a monk.
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Hermit
One who lives alone
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Monk
Someone who devotes their life to God.
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Simeon Stylites
A famous hermit who lived on a pillar on a mountain for 40 years.
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Advent
Arrival. The 4 weeks before Christmas, set aside to prepare for Jesus.
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Emmanuel
God with us
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O Come O Come Emmanuel
A Gregorian Chant popular during Advent.
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Lent
The 40 days of solemn preparation for Easter
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Missionary
People sent to preach
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Hagiography
The biography of a saint
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Sacerdotal
Centered around priests.
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Votive Mass
Mass said for someone's personal intention.
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Pope
Comes from the word Papa; Bishop of Rome
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Leo I
Persuaded the Huns not to invade Rome.
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Gregory I
The first monk to be pope. Known for his writings and sending monks to evangelize in England.
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Leo IX
Took up the issues of promoting celibacy and prohibiting simony.
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Rock/Cephas/Peter
Jesus's nickname for Simon. Peter comes from Petra, which means rock.
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Charlemagne
Attempted to work for the advancement of Christian Faith. Conquered most of Europe in the name of Christian religion and aided the church by arranging for monasteries to teach young priest-candidates to read
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Concupiscence
The inclination of humans to sin throughout their lives.
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Gregorian chant
A collection of Psalms and prayers set to music. Lacks rhythm and harmony.
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Religious order
A group of monks, nuns, sisters, brothers, or priests who all live under the same rule and therefor live the same kind of life.
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Scriptorium
Room set apart for writing, where manuscripts were copied.
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Cluny
Monastery in central France in 910 in the region Burgundy. Run by the rules of Saint Benedict.
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Simony
The practice of buying and selling positions of power in the Church
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Celibacy
Abstaining from sex. A rule for priests.
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Cardinal
An assistant to the pope.
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Synod
Council
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Mohammed
The prophet of Allah, lived in Arabia during the 600s
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Allah
The One God of Islam
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Islam
Comes from the word for submission. The religion of Muslims.
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Q'Ran/Koran
The holy book of Islam
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Jihad
Holy war
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Alleluia
Hooray, rejoice
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Icon
Symbols or pictures often worshipped by Eastern Christians. Most prominent feature is the eyes, which are blank and often appear to follow you.
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Scholasticism
Use of logic to gain insight into faith
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Theology
The study of God
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Canon
Church law
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Usury
The act of charging interest on loans
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Excommunication
Cutting a person off from all sacraments
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Relic
Physical objects as signs of divine power
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Shrine
Built to display relics
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Pilgrimage
A journey to a place associated with something or someone important
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Infidel
Nonbeliever; what the Christians called the Muslims
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Date of the first crusade?
1096-1099
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Dominicans
Order of Preachers created by St. Dominic de Guzman
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Franciscans
Order of monks created by John Bernadoni, aka St. Francis
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Mendicant
Begging man
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Cloister
Living behind walls, symbolizing separation from the world.
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Vita Apostolica
Apostolic life. Living in poverty and constant prayer or service to God.
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Avignon
The French city that the papacy was moved to after Pope Boniface chose a French a pope
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Catherine of Siena
Doctor of the Church, sent by Sienna as an ambassador of France because she was the only trusted and highly respected person.
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Gothic
A new style of architecture. Involved lots of symbols, including:
- verticality, which drew the eyes toward heaven
- light shining into darkness
- a cruciform floorplan
- eastern windows displaying Jesus's childhood; western windows displaying his adulthood and death
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Romanesque
The architectural style before gothic. Involved thick concrete walls, very small or no windows, and flat roofs.
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Flying buttress
A structure on gothic churches that supported weight, allowing the building to be taller.
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Evangelist
The gospel writers. Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John.
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Epiphany
The revelation of Jesus to the Magi
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Abba
Father, more literally translated as "daddy"
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What were the two types of decrees at the four Lateran Councils? Give an example of each type.
Decrees to reform the church and decrees to reform society. Possible examples of church reform include promoting celibacy and. Possible example of societal reform include threats of excommunication for counterfeiters and for those who steal from pilgrims.
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Name four modern religious orders.
Dominicans, Franciscans, Benedictines, and Jesuits.
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Name 3 events from the career of Clovis, King of the Franks.
He prayed to Christ during a battle and won. He and his soldiers were then baptized. He sent his army against the Goths because they were Arian heretics. On the war to the war, they detoured around Tours as not to offend St. Martin of Tours
126
Similarities and and differences between the views of Augustine, Seneca, C.S. Lewis, Sirach 2:1-10, and Proverbs 3:11-12 on the subject of suffering.
Augustine believed that we suffer because God watches over human events, but does not control them, and offers his grace to help us through suffering.
Seneca believed that people suffered because they haven't trained their minds to endure the way they've trained their bodies, and that all we need to avoid suffering is within us.
C.S. Lewis believed that God created a world in which we can operate with free will, and therefor cause our own suffering. He also believed that a world in which free will is possible needs fixed laws of physics and biology, which lead to things like sickness and death, creating suffering.
Sirach 2:1-10 states that we are to be patient in times of hardship, because in fire, gold is tested. Likewise, worthy men are tested in in the crucible of humiliation.
Proverbs 3:11-12 states that suffering is the Lord's discipline, and that we should accept it because he is only scolding us the way a loving father reprimands his son.
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The Shema
"Hear, o Israel! The Lord is your God, the Lord alone! Therefor you shall love the Lord your God with all your mind, all your heart, all your strength."
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The formula about Christ from the council of Chalcedon
Jesus the son is "fully like God as regards to divinity, fully like us as regards to humanity."
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Similarities and differences between Pliny's Letter to Trajan, 1 Peter 4, and Ignatius's Letter to the Trallians on the subject of religion and Martydom.
Pliny was very confused about martyrdom and why someone would die for their faith. He viewed religion as something that should be convenient and beneficial.
Peter believed that those who are able to die for Jesus should rejoice, because it allows them to identify with Jesus in his sufferings.
Ignatius was excited that he would get to be a martyr because it would give his death meaning. He believed in living and suffering like Jesus.
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5 key beliefs of the Christians in their response to the challenge of gnostic dualists.
The goodness of creation, the incarnation, Jesus died for us, Jesus rose from the dead, and Jesus died for all salvation.
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Four ways Jesus offended Jewish beliefs and the Jewish groups of his time
Jesus
- downplayed the rules of the Sabbath and kosher law
- hung around with women, Gentiles, lepers, tax collectors, and prostitutes
- forgave sins, which was considered blasphemy
- challenged Pharisees on a regular basis
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What did Pope Nicholas say in the Decrees of 1059?
The pope was to be chosen only by the cardinals in a closed-door session, without pressure from outside forces such as kings and that lay leaders were no longer to have any part in the selection of bishops.
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What is the relationship between Pagans and their gods like?
A business transaction.
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What did Augustine teach about reading Pagan literature in On Christian Doctrine?
Read Pagan books critically. Use what is compatible with your Christian belief.
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What did John say in Chapter 1, specifically in Jn 1:14
"And the word became flesh and dwelt among us." He wanted to show that Jesus was human.
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What did Jesus tell the rich young man in Mt 19/Mk 10:17-30?
"It is easier for a camel to pass through the eye of a needle than for a rich man to enter the kingdom of God, so give up all that you own and follow me."
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What did Thomas say about God, drawing from Exodus 3:14?
He quoted Exodus 3:14, "I am" and concluded that God is a pure being.
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What was the popular way to portray Jesus in the Middle Ages?
A king or nobleman
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What was the church compared to by Paul in 1 Corinthians 12?
A human body.
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In City of God, how did Augustine say the people in the city of man differ from the people in the city of God?
City of Man: people see this world as all that is, worship to use God to succeed in this world.
City of God: people see relationships with God as the most important thing, use life in this world to grow closer to God.
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Who were two canon lawyers? Also considered to be two of the most influential Popes.
Alexander III and Innocent III
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The was little participation in Masses during the Middle Ages, and the Masses themselves seemed mysterious. Why?
There was no clear idea of how Christian laypeople where supposed to behave, so few people attended.
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What happened between Jesus and the paralytic in Mark 2: 1-12?
4 men tore a hole in the roof and lowered the paralytic to a spot in front of Jesus. Jesus said, "Son, your sins are forgiven." The paralytic stands up and walks again.
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What did Jesus say in the Garden at Gethsemane (Mk 14)?
"Abba/father, all things are possible for you. Take this cup away from me but what what I will but what you will."
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The creed in 1 Corinthians 15:3-8
"I handed to you what I myself received: that Christ died in accordance with the scripture, that he was buried; that he was raised on the third day in accordance with the scriptures; that he appeared to James, then to all the apostles..."
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What was the key to education and literacy during the Middle Ages?
Food.
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What kind of difficulty did the church have in enforcing its laws about celibacy and simony?
The problems just wouldn't go away because they already existed so abundantly within the Church. They continued to be concerns long after the end of the Lateran council.
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What happened in 1054 that affected relations between Eastern and Western Christians?
The two Popes excommunicated each other, splitting the two churches for many years.
