Sem. 1 Final Exam

Question 1

Cells, __1__, Organs, __2__

Answer 1

1) Tissues

2) Systems

Question 2

4 possible outcomes when cells are irradiated.

Answer 2

1) no damage
2) temporary damage
3) permanent damage
4) cell death

Question 3

Ribosomes= ____

Answer 3

Protein Factories

Question 4

____ of our body is made of water.

Answer 4

80-85%

Question 5

__1__ is the matermind/genetic code of the cell. Structure is double-helix polymer or __2__.

Answer 5

1) DNA

2) Twisted Ladder

Question 6

Nitrogenous Base Pairs (__1__)= PURINES» Adenine and __2__. PYRIMIDINES» Cytosine and __3__.
A pairs with T and G pairs with C

Answer 6

1) Rungs and Ladders
2) Thymine
3) Guanine

Question 7

Somatic Cells= __1__ Chromosomes (23 pairs)-

“__2__” Number.

Answer 7

1) 46

2) Diploid

Question 8

Genetic Cells- __1__ Chromosomes- “__2__” Number.

XX is a __3__, XY is a __4__.

Answer 8

1) 23
2) Haploid
3) Girl
4) Boy

Question 9

__1__- Somatic Cell Division ( __2__Division)

Answer 9

1) Mitosis

2) Retention

Question 10

__1__- Genetic Cell Division (__2__ Division)

Answer 10

1) Meiosis

2) Reduction

Question 11

The cell is ____ sensitive to radiation damage during “M” Phase (Mitosis)

Answer 11

MOST

Question 12

Organic compounds contain ____.

Answer 12

CARBON

Question 13

____= 2 protons and 2 neutrons (very heavy)

Answer 13

Alpha Particle

Question 14

____- average energy deposited as radiation passes through tissue.

Answer 14

Linear Energy Transfer (LET)

Question 15

____- potential tissue damage from radiation.

Answer 15

Relative Biologic Effect (RBE)

Question 16

LET and RBE are __1__ proportional.

Answer 16

Directly

Question 17

____(SED)- first crude and inaccurate way to measure human dose.

Answer 17

Skin Erythema Dose

Question 18

“Radiation Absorbed Dose” used to measure amount or radiation deposited in ANY object-living or inanimate.

Answer 18

Rad/Gray (Gy)

Question 19

“Radiation Equivalent to Man” used to measure radiation absorbed in HUMAN tissue only.

Answer 19

Rem/Seivert (Sv)

Question 20

Measure ionization IN AIR or IN AIR Exposure.

1R= 2.58 X 10 -4 C/kg

Answer 20

Roentgen (R)/ Coulombs Kg. (C/kg)

Question 21

Used to measure Radioactivity (usually Nuclear Medicine)

Answer 21

Curie/Becquerel (Bq)

Question 22

RADS X QUALITY FACTOR (QF)= __1__ or

GRAYS X QUALITY FACTOR= __2__

Answer 22

1) REMS

2) SEIVERTS

Question 23

Traditional to SI=____

Answer 23

Divide by 100

Question 24

SI to Traditional=____

Answer 24

MULTIPLY by 100

Question 25

X-ray, Beta Particles, Gamma (Type of Radiation)

Answer 25

1 (QF)

Question 26

Alpha Particles, Fast Neutrons (Type of Radiation)

Answer 26

20 (QF)

Question 27

____- increases radiosensitivity of tissue; important in Radiation Therapy.

Answer 27

Oxygen Enhancement Ratio (OER)

Question 28

Direct Action= __1__ Indirect Action= __2__ This is due to Radiolysis of Water.

Answer 28

1) 5% | 2) 95%

Question 29

End results of Radiolysis= __1__ and __2__. Free radicals can travel and cause damage at distant sites.

Answer 29

1) H2O2 (Hydrogen Peroxide) | 2) Free Radical (HO2* or Hydroperoxyl)

Question 30

Risks vs. Benefits- ____ should always outweigh risk when possible.

Answer 30

Benefits

Question 31

Always follow ALARA- aka ____

Answer 31

As Low As Reasonably Achievable

Question 32

____- method of explaining radiation dose to patients.

Answer 32

Background Equivalent Radiation Time (BERT)

Question 33

____- x-rays exist as waves and particles.

Answer 33

"Dual Theory"

Question 34

``` Electromagnetic Spectrum: Carry Good Rifles yoU Very Independent Mighty Rebels ```

Answer 34

``` Cosmic (shortest WL, highest frequency) Gamma Roentgen Ultraviolet Visible Light Infrared Radiation Microwave Radio Waves (longest WL, lowest frequency) ```

Question 35

Atomic Structure: 1) ____= protons and neutrons 2) ____= number of protons 3) ____= number of protons and neutrons 4) ____= negative charges that reside in shells (K-Q) 5) ____ is greatest in K shell

Answer 35

1) Nucleus 2) Atomic Number ("Z") 3) Atomic Mass Number ("A") 4) Electrons 5) Binding Energy

Question 36

__1__ is a form of Terrestrial Radiation, accounts for 37% of yearly dose (__2__).

Answer 36

1) Radon | 2) 2.0 mSv/yr.

Question 37

EPA recommends actions to be taken to reduce Radon levels to less than ____.

Answer 37

4.0 picocuries/liter of air

Question 38

____ is greater is higher elevations.

Answer 38

Cosmic Radiation

Question 39

__1__(1979), __2__(1986), and __3__(2012)- still studying for long term effects. Thyroid doses high in __4__ due to radioactive milk.

Answer 39

1) TMI 2) Chernobyl 3) Japan 4) Chernobyl

Question 40

____ vary from men to women do to location of anatomy.

Answer 40

Gonadal doses

Question 41

____ are plotted on Linear, Non-Threshold Dose Response Curves

Answer 41

Diagnostic and Leukemia

Question 42

____ is a whole body dose. Three divisions are __1__(100-1,000 Rads/ 1-10 Gy), __2__ (1,000-5,000 Rads/ 10-50 Gy), __3__ (5,000 Rads +/ 50 Gy +)

Answer 42

Acute Radiation Syndrome 1) Hematologic (Hemopoietic) 2) G.I. 3) CNS

Question 43

The higher the dose with the ARS, the ____ the latent period.

Answer 43

Shorter

Question 44

Potential long-term somatic effects of radiation include __1__ and __2__.

Answer 44

1) Cancer | 2) Cataracts

Question 45

LD 50/60 is lethal dose to 50% of exposed population in 60 days (____).

Answer 45

300-400 Rems/ 3-4 Sv

Question 46

Lymphocytes are __1__ radiosensitive cells in body; Nerve cells are __2__ radiosensitive cells in body.

Answer 46

1) Most | 2) Least

Question 47

Fetal dose for entire gestational period= ____. | Most sensitive during FIRST trimester.

Answer 47

0.5 Rem (not to exceed 0.05 rem/ month)

Question 48

Yearly occupational Effective Dose Limit= ____.

Answer 48

5 Rem

Question 49

Yearly non-occupational Effective Dose Limit= ____.

Answer 49

0.5 Rem

Question 50

Skin, thyroid, extremities= __1__. | Len of eye= __2__.

Answer 50

1) 50 rem/yr | 2) 15 rem/yr

Question 51

Law of Bergonie and Tribondeau says that stem, immature, undifferentiated, precursor cells are ____ radiosensitive.

Answer 51

VERY

Question 52

3 types of gonadal shielding.

Answer 52

1) shaped contact 2) shadow 3) flat contact

Question 53

First step in protection is ____.

Answer 53

Optimum Collimation

Question 54

Main purpose of ____ is to decrease patient's skin dose.

Answer 54

Beam Filtration

Question 55

If tube operates at 70 kVp or above, tube must have at least ____.

Answer 55

2.5 mm Al filtration

Question 56

3 ways to overcome motion.

Answer 56

1) short exposure time 2) clear instructions 3) restraints

Question 57

Fluoro switch must be of "____".

Answer 57

deadman type

Question 58

__1__ uses film and can be re-read. __2__ uses aluminum oxide. __3__ uses lithium fluoride. __4__ can give immediate readout.

Answer 58

1) Film badge 2) Optically Stimulated Luminescent Dosimeter OSL 3) Thermoluminescent Dosimeter TLD 4) Self-reading pocket ionization chamber

Question 59

If you start a new job with no dose record, employer should assume you have ____ of yearly dose.

Answer 59

100%

Question 60

Cumulative Dose= ____.

Answer 60

Age in years X 1 Rem

Question 61

Cardinal Rules/Principles= 1, 2, 3.

Answer 61

1) Shielding 2) Time 3) Distance