Semana 1 AI

Question 1

What is the ‘good enough mother’ concept?

Answer 1

A parenting approach that meets a child’s needs adequately without perfection

Question 2

What does ‘holding’ refer to in Winnicott’s theories?

Answer 2

Physically and emotionally supporting the child

Question 3

What is the significance of ‘imitation’ in Winnicott’s work?

Answer 3

Interpreting the needs of the baby and reflecting them

Question 4

What is the ‘first object’ according to Winnicott?

Answer 4

The mother’s nipple, which allows the baby to create an illusion of creation

Question 5

What does ‘satisfactory parental care’ involve?

Answer 5

Holding and living together with the infant

Question 6

Fill in the blank: The _______ self is the inherited potential experiencing continuity of being.

Answer 6

true

Question 7

What is ‘transitional phenomena’?

Answer 7

Techniques such as babbling or humming that help the baby navigate between internal and external worlds

Question 8

What role does creativity play in Winnicott’s theories?

Answer 8

It’s fundamental for the individual to discover the self through play

Question 9

What are the two types of aggressiveness identified by Winnicott?

Answer 9

• Primary aggressiveness
• Reactive aggressiveness

Question 10

True or False: Winnicott believed that the infant’s innate tendency is to create.

Answer 10

True

Question 11

What does ‘relative independence’ refer to in the context of parental care?

Answer 11

The mother and infant living together while allowing for the infant’s development

Question 12

Fill in the blank: The _______ is often responsible for setting limits on aggression.

Answer 12

mother

Question 13

What is the role of the ‘not good enough mother’ in Winnicott’s theory?

Answer 13

To highlight the nurturing role needed for the self

Question 14

What is meant by ‘biological’ in the context of Winnicott’s concepts?

Answer 14

The first one to ‘cut off’ or separate from the mother

Question 15

In Winnicott’s view, what is the importance of play?

Answer 15

It’s where creativity flourishes and the individual can use their whole personality

Question 16

What is the ‘first object’ in the context of infant development?

Answer 16

The mother’s nipple, signifying the baby’s first creation

Question 17

What is the primary force transformed by early repression?

Answer 17

Reactive aggressiveness

Question 18

What are transitional objects?

Answer 18

Items that help a baby cope with anxiety and transition between internal and external worlds

Question 19

What does ‘handling’ refer to in Winnicott’s framework?

Answer 19

Cuddling and cradling the baby

Question 20

What is the primary focus of Anna Freud’s theories?

Answer 20

She expanded her father’s theory, focusing on the id and how it manages the demands of the ego and the environment.

Question 21

What are the characteristics of the id?

Answer 21

• It is inborn
• Its goal is to relieve tension
• It is blind to reality
• It gives force to the ego and superego
• It has no words, logic, or integration
• Instincts do not touch each other

Question 22

What is the aim of the id?

Answer 22

The action that will relieve the tension.

Question 23

What is the role of early ego development?

Answer 23

Function of memory and testing reality.

Question 24

What is the definition of defence mechanisms?

Answer 24

Ways and means used to solve the conflict between the ego and the id.

Question 25

What determines the normality or abnormality of future adult behavior?

Answer 25

The choice of solutions in defence mechanisms.

Question 26

At what age does object constancy develop according to Anna Freud?

Answer 26

Approximately 1-5 months old.

Question 27

What is the need-satisfying object in child development?

Answer 27

The object is cared for as long as it is available for the child.

Question 28

What is the real object relationship in child development?

Answer 28

The child sees the object as a person too, allowing for interchange of love and emotion.

Question 29

What is the emphasis of Klein's object relations theory?

Answer 29

Interpersonal relationships.

Question 30

How does development occur according to Klein?

Answer 30

Not in stages but in positions that repeat in life like a pendulum.

Question 31

What are the two types of instincts described by Klein?

Answer 31

* Good (life instinct) * Bad (death instinct)

Question 32

What is the paranoid-schizoid position?

Answer 32

A state of persecutory anxiety where the ego fears being attacked.

Question 33

What is splitting in defence mechanisms?

Answer 33

Preserving the good part by separating it from the bad.

Question 34

What is projection in defence mechanisms?

Answer 34

Putting unwanted features outside oneself.

Question 35

What is the depressive position in Klein's theory?

Answer 35

A state where guilt arises from damage caused to the object.

Question 36

What is the primary focus of Margaret Mahler's work?

Answer 36

The early years of development before the Oedipus complex appears.

Question 37

What are the three phases of development according to Mahler?

Answer 37

* Normal autistic phase (0-1 month) * Normal symbiotic phase (1-5 months) * Separation-Individuation phase (5-36 months)

Question 38

What is the normal symbiotic phase characterized by?

Answer 38

Focus on preserving fusion and interdependence.

Question 39

What happens during the separation-individuation phase?

Answer 39

The child differentiates themselves from the mother.

Question 40

What is emotional reliance in child development?

Answer 40

Coming and going from and to the mother.

Question 41

What is the concept of object constancy?

Answer 41

The child recognizes the mother as a stable presence.

Question 42

What is the birth date and place of John Bowlby?

Answer 42

Born in London on February 26, 1907

Question 43

When did John Bowlby die and where?

Answer 43

Died in Scotland on October 2nd, 1990

Question 44

What was John Bowlby's role during WWII?

Answer 44

Lieutenant colonel where he researched psychological selection methods

Question 45

What was Mary Ainsworth's contribution to psychology?

Answer 45

Investigated the effects of separation from the mother in children’s personality

Question 46

What experiment did Mary Ainsworth devise?

Answer 46

The 'strange situation' experiment

Question 47

What is Bowlby's evolutive theory about?

Answer 47

The path of personality development is determined by the interactions between the person and the environment

Question 48

Define separation anxiety.

Answer 48

Human predisposition of fear towards a possible loss

Question 49

What does internalization & representation refer to in attachment theory?

Answer 49

The model of interaction with the parents becomes an internal structure

Question 50

What is a sensible response in the context of attachment?

Answer 50

Psychic organization through parents’ responses to the baby’s signals

Question 51

How is attachment defined?

Answer 51

A reciprocal emotional bond between a kid and their caregiver

Question 52

What does attachment theory conceptualize?

Answer 52

The propensity of human beings to form strong affective bonds with others

Question 53

List the types of attachment behaviors according to Bowlby.

Answer 53

* Attachment behaviour * Exploratory behaviour * Sexual behaviour * Eating behaviour

Question 54

What characterizes the pre-attachment stage?

Answer 54

Accepts anyone that brings comfort (0-3 months)

Question 55

What happens during the clear-cut attachment stage?

Answer 55

Very strong affective bond with caregiver (6 months - 2 years)

Question 56

What is secure attachment?

Answer 56

Trust, willingness to explore, adequate responses from parents

Question 57

Describe avoidant attachment.

Answer 57

Ignore contact, self-sufficient, lack of expressions of anger or discomfort

Question 58

What defines anxious (ambivalent) attachment?

Answer 58

No certainty in response, oscillates between approach and rejection

Question 59

What is disorganized attachment characterized by?

Answer 59

Superficial attachment, confusing behavior, parental incompetence

Question 60

Define mutual regulation in attachment.

Answer 60

The ability of both the baby and the caregiver to respond appropriately to each other's mental and emotional states

Question 61

What is social referencing?

Answer 61

The child relies on caregivers for understanding new or ambiguous situations

Question 62

What is postpartum depression's effect on attachment?

Answer 62

Babies stop sending signals, leading to a bidirectional effect

Question 63

What are the consequences of insecure attachment?

Answer 63

* Low cognitive and linguistic performance * Behavioral problems * Regulation of frustration and violent behavior

Question 64

What is the role of stress hormones in attachment?

Answer 64

Higher levels of stress hormones can affect attachment and development

Question 65

What does Bowlby's 'secure base' concept entail?

Answer 65

Available parents ready to respond when called upon but intervene only when necessary

Question 66

What is the significance of Bowlby’s contributions?

Answer 66

Foundation of attachment theory and understanding of child development