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WAS certification > Semantic Structure and Navigation > Flashcards

Semantic Structure and Navigation Flashcards

1
Q

If a person types “vegetarian recipes” in a site search, which of the following is the best page title on the search result page?

A. Search
B. Search results
C. Search results for “vegetarian recipes”
D. Vegetarian recipes

A

C. Search results for “vegetarian recipes”

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2
Q

True or false: On a so-called single-page application — in which AJAX is used to bring in new content without refreshing or loading the entire web page — any time that the URL changes, the page title should be updated accordingly.

A. True
B. False

A

A. True

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3
Q

Which of the following would be the best for a page describing the autocorrect features of a software product called “Tri-coil” by a company named “Bob’s Brilliant Software?”

A. Autocorrect features in Tri-coil, by Bob’s Brilliant Software
B. Bob’s Brilliant Software: Tri-coil - autocorrect features
C. Features
D. All of the above are equally good

A

A. Autocorrect features in Tri-coil, by Bob’s Brilliant Software

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4
Q

Identifying the language of a document or part of a document is important for users of:

A. Voice recognition software
B. Screen readers
C. Screen magnifiers
D. All of the above

A

B. Screen readers

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5
Q

The correct language code for German web content is:

A. lang=”en”
B. lang=”German”
C. lang=”german”
D. lang=”deutch”
E. lang=”de”
F. lang=”d”

A

E. lang=”de”

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6
Q

The correct location to identify the main language of an entire page is:

A. On the doctype> element
B. On the <html> element
C. On the <body> element
D. In a <meta> element in the <head> of the document
E. On every block level element in the content

A

B. On the <html> element

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7
Q

If the user has the screen reader language set to French and a web page is written in English but does NOT specify the language of the document in the markup, how will the screen reader read the text?

A. It will translate the text to French
B. It will notify the user that there is a mismatch in languages
C. It will read the English words using French pronunciation rules
D. It will detect the language automatically and read the text with the correct pronunciation
E. It will cause the screen reader to turn off

A

C. It will read the English words using French pronunciation rules

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8
Q

All of the following are valid ARIA landmark roles except:

A. banner
B. navigation
C. main
D. end
E. search

A

D. end

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9
Q

A page with 47 landmarks:

A. Shows a high level of dedication to accessibility best practices
B. Probably has too many landmarks to be optimally useful to screen reader users
C. Demonstrates the popularity of the web page
D. Is using deprecated markup, and should be updated with more modern methods

A

B. Probably has too many landmarks to be optimally useful to screen reader users

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10
Q

If there are multiple navigation landmarks in the same page:

A. Each landmark should have its own unique title attribute
B. Screen readers will ignore all but the first one
C. The markup is invalid: there should be only one navigation landmark per page
D. The screen reader is likely to crash, especially older versions
E. Each landmark should have its own aria-label or aria-labelledby attribute

A

E. Each landmark should have its own aria-label or aria-labelledby attribute

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11
Q

Which of the following does NOT represent best practice, in terms of creating a structured outline of the content with headings?

A. <h1>
<h2>
<h2>
<h3>
<h4>
<h2>
B. <h1>
<h2>
<h2>
<h2>
<h3>
<h4>
C. <h1>
<h3>
<h4>
<h3>
<h4>
<h3>
D. <h1>
<h2>

A

C. <h1>
<h3>
<h4>
<h3>
<h4>
<h3>

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12
Q

If the heading level 1 (<h1>) at the beginning of the main content says “How to hang ten on a surfboard,” the most appropriate <title> for the page from among the options below would be:

A. How to ride a surfboard
B. Surfing tutorial
C. Summers in California
D. How to hang ten on a surfboard
E. An article describing how to hang ten on a surfboard, describing the techniques and circumstances in which it is possible to do it

A

D. How to hang ten on a surfboard

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13
Q

Which of the following will be recognized as a valid heading by screen readers?

A. <h1>h1>
B. <h7>Legal disclaimerh7>
C. <div role=”heading” aria-level=”3”>The secrets beneath the ocean’s surfacediv>
D. <p class=”heading level2” style=”font-size: 200%; font-weight: bold”>Understand yourselfp>

A

C. <div role=”heading” aria-level=”3”>The secrets beneath the ocean’s surface</div>

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14
Q

WCAG 2.0 level double A (AA) requires headings to be in a valid hierarchy under all circumstances. A heading 4 (<h4>) cannot directly follow a heading 2 (<h2>), for example. The next subheading under the heading 2 (<h2>) MUST be a heading 3 (<h3>).

A. True
B. False

A

B. False

It is required for AAA

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15
Q

True or False: Screen readers will read the alt text of an image within a heading as part of the heading text.

A. True
B. False

A

A. True

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16
Q

What is the official character limit within a heading?

A. 256 characters
B. 140 characters
C. 1024 characters
D. It depends on the level of the heading
E. There is no official limit

A

E. There is no official limit

Note: Headings should be kept short and relevant.

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17
Q

All of the following statements are true, except:

A. Users should be warned if a link opens a new window.
B. Link text should include words like “link” or “click” so screen reader users know it is a link.
C. For images used as links, the alternative text for the image functions as link text for screen reader users.
D. Links with the same text should go to the same place.

A

B. Link text should include words like “link” or “click” so screen reader users know it is a link.

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18
Q

True or false: Links must be visually distinguishable from the surrounding non-link text

A. True
B. False

A

A. True

Notes: 3:1 contrast ratio is required

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19
Q

True or false: Links can be the same color as the surrounding non-link text as long as an underline appears on mouse hover and on keyboard focus.

A. True
B. False

A

B. False

Notes: 3:1 contrast ratio is required

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20
Q

The main navigation menu should:

A. Be consistently located
B. Be consistently ordered
C. Be positioned horizontally
D. Include drop-down submenus
E. A and B
F. All of the above

A

E. A and B

A. Be consistently located
B. Be consistently ordered

21
Q

True or false: Links on the same page that go to the same destination should have the same text within the link.

A. True
B. False

A

A. True

22
Q

The correct way to designate a navigation list as a navigation landmark is:

A. Wrap the navigation list in a <nav> container or in a container marked with role=”navigation”
B. Set role=”navigation” on every link in the navigation list, or wrap each link in <nav> elements
C. There is no need to add anything to the markup. Screen readers automatically detect navigation lists and announce them to users
D. Wrap the navigation list in a <navlist> container

A

A. Wrap the navigation list in a <nav> container or in a container marked with role=”navigation”

Notes:

  • A navigation list SHOULD include a visible method of informing users which page within the navigation list is the currently active/visible page.
  • A navigation list SHOULD include a method of informing blind users which page within the navigation list is the currently active/visible page.
23
Q

True or false: Screen readers can identify the current location within a navigation menu based on the visual styles

A. True
B. False

A

B. False

24
Q

All of the following are true about skip links, except:

A. Must be placed just before the main navigation menu
B. Must be accessible to keyboard-only users
C. Must be accessible to screen reader users
D. Must become visible upon receiving focus, if hidden

A

A. Must be placed just before the main navigation menu

Note:
The “skip link” should be the first focusable element on the page.

25
Q

True or false: Sighted keyboard users can navigate by headings, landmarks, and other semantic features, just like blind screen reader users.

A. True
B. False

A

B. False

Notes:
Only screen readers offer shortcuts for navigating content via headers, tables, landmarks, etc.

26
Q

Which of the following methods could be used to mark the current location within a paginated view? (Select all that apply)

A. hidden text
B. aria-label
C. aria-labelledby
D. aria-describedby
E. All of the above

A

E. All of the above

27
Q

True or False: Layout tables are not permitted by WCAG standards.

A. True
B. False

A

B. False

Note:
Using tables for visual layout and not for data tables is discouraged but is technically allowed by accessibility guidelines. There is no severe accessibility consequence for using layout tables, but tables were designed for data grids, from a semantic structure perspective, so it is better to use them only for that purpose.

28
Q

The title for a data table should be contained in what element?

A. <title>
B. <tabletitle>
C. <caption>
D. <summary>
E. <name>
F. The first row of the table (the columns of that row should be merged into a single cell)

A

C. <caption>

Note: Alternatively using aria-label on the table element is also acceptable.

29
Q

The correct way to code a table cell that is a column header cell is:

A. <td scope=”col”>
B. <td scope=”column”>
C. <th scope=”col”>
D. <th scope=”column”>

A

C. <th scope=”col”>

30
Q

In a table with two header cells in the first row (“Male” and “Female”), and with 5 header cells under each of them, the header cells in the first row should be marked as:

A. <td scope=”colgroup”>
B. <td scope=”columngroup”>
C. <th scope=”colgroup”>
D. <th scope=”columngroup”>

A

C. <th scope=”colgroup”>

31
Q

In complex tables, each data cell must be explicitly associated with each corresponding header cell by which method?

A. scope + header
B. id + header
C. id + scope
D. Merging table cells

A

B. id + header

32
Q

True or false: Complex tables with merged cells are easy for screen readers to understand, as long as the table has all the necessary accessible markup.

A. True
B. False

A

B. False

33
Q

True or false: Screen readers will announce the number of items in a bulleted list if the list is marked up properly.

A. True
B. False

A

A. True

34
Q

True or false: Screen readers do not read nested lists (lists within lists) properly.

A. True
B. False

A

B. False

35
Q

Screen readers will recognize the following code as a list:
<p>1. First item<br>2. Second item<br>3. Third item</p>

A. True
B. False

A

B. False

36
Q

One of the main ways to make an <iframe> accessible is to add:

A. a title attribute
B. an alt attribute
C. a name attribute
D. a <title> element
E. tabindex=”0”
F. a <label> element

A

A. a title attribute

37
Q

What does the JAWS screen reader read with regard to the name/label of an <iframe>?

A. The name attribute on the <iframe> element
B. The title attribute on the <iframe> element
C. The <title> element of the page within the iframe
D. The title attribute of the page within the iframe

A

C. The <title> element of the page within the iframe

Notes: Even though the WCAG guidelines require the title attribute, JAWS reads the element of the enclosed document instead, if available. Only if the enclosed document does not have a element will JAWS read the title attribute of the .

38
Q

If a page has 3 headings, and an <iframe>, and if the page within the <iframe> has 2 headings, how many headings total will show up in the screen reader’s list of headings on the parent page?

A. 3
B. 5
C. 7
D. 13

A

B. 5

Note: Screen readers treat an almost as if it is part of the same document that contains it. Users can access all of the content within an using the same keystrokes that they would use to access the content if it were all in the same document.

39
Q

If an <iframe> contains only JavaScript that is not meant to be read by the user, what is the best way to address this <iframe> in terms of accessibility?

A. Hide it from screen reader users with aria-hidden=”true”
B. Hide it with display:none in the CSS
C. add aria-describedby=”JavaScript only”

A

A. Hide it from screen reader users with aria-hidden=”true”

40
Q

Which of the following elements will most screen readers announce to users (in terms of the semantic meaning of the element itself)?

A. q
B. del
C. ins
D. mark
E. code
F. pre
G. B and C
H. D and E
I. All of the above
J. None of the above

A

J. None of the above

Note:

If the emphasis is critical to understand the text — then you’ll need to find another way to create emphasis. Such as adding “Important” or “Warning” to your text to make sure that the content is emphasized. Alternativly you can addinvisible text for screen readers.

41
Q

If you want to highlight text on a web page, when is it necessary to add additional text so that screen reader users know the text is important?

A. Always
B. Never
C. When the emphasis in the highlighting changes the meaning of the text

A

C. When the emphasis in the highlighting changes the meaning of the text.

Note:
Even though the element is semantically-correct, current screen readers do not notify users that a element is present, so there is no benefit to screen reader users (even though sighted users still benefit, because of the visual background color highlighting). That said, the element is still the best choice because that tag conveys the intended purpose (to mark something as highlighted).

Critical highlighted text SHOULD be supplemented with a text-based method to convey the meaning of the highlighting.

42
Q

Screen readers announce emphasized text when it is marked with:

A. b
B. i
C. em
D. strong
E. mark
F. The word “Important: “ (or similar) in front of the emphasized text
G. All of the above
H. None of the above

A

F. The word “Important: “ (or similar) in front of the emphasized text

43
Q

What will a screen reader say when it comes across code marked as follows?

<p>Twin mattress <del>$300</del> <ins>$250</ins>!</p>

A. Twin mattress $300 $250!
B. Twin mattress deleted $300, inserted $250!
C. Twin mattress was $300, now $250!

A

A. Twin mattress $300 $250!

Notes:

  • Screen readers do not support the [del] element. They read the text, but do not notify users that the text has been deleted.
  • Screen readers do not support the [ins] element. They read the text, but do not notify users that the text has been inserted.

Use hidden text to convey inserted text. For example:

[p]Twin mattress [del][span class=”visually-hidden”]was[/span]$300[/del][ins][span class=”visually-hidden”]now[/span]$250[/ins][/p]

44
Q

Which of the following is a recommended way to emphasize text accessibly for screen reader users?

A. Add a graphic element with “Important” as its alt text
B. Use all capital letters
C. Increase the font size
D. Add class=”important” to the text
E. Style the text using

A

A. Add a graphic element with “Important” as its alt text

Note: Technique is equivelent to writing “Important:” before the text but less verbose.

45
Q

The concept of robust technology compatibility is to support compatibility of web content with current and future user agents — especially assistive technologies.

A. True
B. False

A

A. True

46
Q

Which of the following is NOT considered an aspect of well-formed markup?

A. Elements are properly nested.
B. Content has been spell-checked.
C. All id attributes are unique.
D. Elements do not contain duplicate attributes.

A

B. Content has been spell-checked.

47
Q

Which of the following statement(s) about deprecated HTML elements or attributes is/are FALSE?

A. They have been replaced by newer constructs such as CSS.
B. They are typically structural in nature.
C. They may cause users to be unable to override the deprecated items with their own style sheets.
D. They are disallowed by WCAG 2.0 standards.
E. They are outdated or obsolete.
F. Both B & D

A

F. Both B & D

B. They are typically structural in nature.
D. They are disallowed by WCAG 2.0 standards.

48
Q

All of the following HTML elements are deprecated in HTML5 except:

A. <applet>
B. <center>
C. <frame>
D. <font>
E. All of the above are deprecated.

A

E. All of the above are deprecated.

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