semantics

Question 1

prototype

Answer 1

The default mental image associated with a word tends to be of a typical or ideal example of the kind of thing the word represents.

Question 2

usage-based definitions

Answer 2

we know when it is suitable to use that word order to convey a particular meaning or grammatical relationship- under what conditions it is appropriate to use it.

Question 3

mental image definitions

Answer 3

words often do seem to conjure up particular mental images- we use to conceptualize reality

Question 4

dictionary - style definition

Answer 4

defines words in terms of other words but also reflects the way that speakers of a language really use that word

Question 5

semantics

Answer 5

semantics is a sub-field of linguistics that studies linguistic meaning and how expressions convey meaning. 2 types, lexical and compositional

Question 6

compositional semantics

Answer 6

is concerned with phrasal meanings and how phrasal meanings are assembled

Question 7

lexical semantics

Answer 7

the meanings of words and other lexical expressions, including the meaning relationship among them

Question 8

pure intersection

Answer 8

the simplest form of adjectival combination- the intersection of 2 sets

Question 9

idioms

Answer 9

the meaning of a phrase (expression) that has nothing to do with the non-compositional meanings of the words - a lexical expression ex. “kick the bucket”

Question 10

compositional

Answer 10

meanings of multi-word expressions are predictable from the meanings of words and their syntactic combinations

Question 11

principle of compositionality

Answer 11

the meaning of a sentence (or any multi-word expression) is a function of the meanings of the words it contains and the way in which these words are syntactically combined

Question 12

incompatible

Answer 12

this means that it would be impossible for both of them to be true - the truth conditions for one are incompatible with the truth conditions for the other ex. (a) no dogs bark (b) all dogs bark

Question 13

mutual entailment

Answer 13

when 2 propositions entail one another

ex. (a) Ian has a female sibling (b) Ian has a sister

Question 14

entailment

Answer 14

evaluate truth conditions
ex.(a) all dogs bark (b) Sally’s dog barks
If “a” is true “b” must also be true

Question 15

truth conditions

Answer 15

the conditions that would have to hold in the world in order for some proposition to be true

Question 16

truth value

Answer 16

the ability to be true or false

*all propositions have a truth value

Question 17

proposition

Answer 17

making a specific claim

Question 18

converses

Answer 18

having to so with opposing points of view, or a change in perspective.
ex. lend - borrow, * something must be borrowed for lending to take place

Question 19

reverse

Answer 19

3rd kind of antonymy
words that suggest some kind of movement
ex. put together - take apart, expand - contract

Question 20

gradable (pairs)

Answer 20

typically represent on a continuum - while something can be one or the other but not both, it can also be between the two
ex. HOT lukewarm, cool COLD

Question 21

complementary

Answer 21

each is distinct from the other - “nothing in the world that is part of one that is part of another
ex. married - unmarried, alive - dead, win - lose

Question 22

amtonymy

Answer 22

semantic relationship - basic notion of antonymy is of being “opposite” in some sense they must have meanings that are related yet these meanings must contrast with each other in some significant way.

Question 23

synonymy

Answer 23

2 words having exactly the same reference

ex. couch/ sofa, quick/ rapid - synonymous

Question 24

sister terms

Answer 24

if 2 words reference intuitively on the same level in the hierarchy

Question 25

subjective adjectives

Answer 25

an adjective whose reference is included in the set of things that the noun it modifies refers to

Question 26

hyponymy

Answer 26

one kind of word meaning relation (X is included in reference of some other word Y)

Question 27

intersective adjective

Answer 27

an adjective whose reference is determined independently from the reference of the noun it modifies

Question 28

anti-intersection adjective

Answer 28

an adjective whose referents are not on the set refered to by the noun that it modifies

Question 29

non-intersection adjective

Answer 29

an adjective whose reference is the subset of the set that the noun it modifies refers to, but that does not, in and of itself refer to any particular set of things

Question 30

relative intersection

Answer 30

the reference of the adjective has to be determined relative to the reference of the noun