Semeester 2 Final Flashcards
(133 cards)
1
Q
First estate
A
Estate the celery belong to
2
Q
Second estate
A
Estate the nobility belong to
3
Q
Third estate
A
Estate the city workers, peasants, and bourgeoisie belong to. They were taxed unfairly and lacked opportunities of other estates
4
Q
Old Régime
A
The power structure prior to the French Revolution, this system was based on feudalism
5
Q
Jacobin
A
Radical political party that led the “Reign of Terror” from 1793-1794
6
Q
Committee of Public safety
A
Political group that led the Reign of Terror and wanted to protect the revolutionary government from opposition
7
Q
Directory
A
Weak political group of 5 men who ruled France form 1795-1799, they were overthrown by Napoleon’s coup d’ etat
8
Q
Women ‘s Bread March
A
This mob action legitimized the National Assembly and moved the king to Paris
9
Q
September Massacres
A
Several day slaughter of prisoners in Paris as they revolutionaries feared they would be freed and aid in a counter revolution
10
Q
Declaration of the Rights of Man and citizen
A
Document that framed the French Revolutions goals
11
Q
Reign of Terror
A
Period from 1793-1794 when the revolution was radicalized and up to 40,000 were executed as enemies of the revolution
12
Q
Dechristianization
A
Policy of the radical government during the revolution which led to confiscation of church lands, a new calendar, new secular holidays, re-didication of churches to the revolution, and banned the public exercise of religion
13
Q
Robespierre
A
Leader of the Committee of Public Safety, he directed the Reign of Terror until he himself was executed
14
Q
Coup d’etat
A
A sudden seizure of political power
15
Q
Invasion of Russia 1812
A
The action of Napoleon’s that caused the greatest human losses was this
16
Q
Naval Blockade of where
A
Geographic advantage of being an Island help this location to resist conquest by Napoleon. He attempted to cut it off Britain with what
17
Q
Continental system
A
Napoleons policy to make continental Europe more self sufficient and destroy Britain’s commercial economy
18
Q
Scorched Earth
A
Russian practice of burning fields and slaughtering livestock to prevent invading troops from having them
19
Q
Peninsular War
A
Started by Napoleon to enforce his Continental System policy
20
Q
Balance of Power
A
A goal of the Congress of Vienna
21
Q
Conservatism
A
The prevailing political ideology at the Congress of Vienna
22
Q
Legitimacy
A
Louis XVIII becoming King of France and reinstatement of other royal families to thrones they possessed prior to Napoleon
23
Q
Nationalism
A
Effect resulting from Napoleons conquests and the political changes made at the Congress of Vienna
24
Q
Liberalism
A
A political ideology that emphasizes the civil rights of citizens, representative government, and the protection of private property. This ideology, derived from the Enlightenment, was especially popular among the property owning middle classes
25
Radicalism
Western European political philosophy during the nineteenth century; advocated democracy and reforms favoring lower classes
26
Congress of Vienna
Meeting to restore order after Napoleon which steps to maintain Europe’s peace and stability. Goals: restore Balance of Power, legitimacy, and prevent future French Aggression
27
Franco-Prussian War
This 1870 war was the final step in German Unification uniting both the northern and southern Germany
28
Junkers
Members of the Prussian nobility, who held most government and military powers and dominated Prussian parliament
29
Bismarck
Prussian prime minister appointed in 1862, known as the “Iron Chancellor” who created a united German Empire
30
Garibaldi
Italian nationalist who liberated Sicily and southern Italy from foreign control
31
Cavour
Prime Minister of Sardinia Piedmont who used practical and functional arguments as well as diplomacy to unite northern Italy
32
Revolutions of 1848
Democratic and nationalist revolutions that swept across Europe during a time after the Congress of Vienna when conservative monarchs were trying to maintain their power. The monarchy in France was overthrown. In Germany, Austria, Italy, and Hungary the revolutions failed
33
Realpolitik
The German term meaning “the politics of reality” used during the late 1800s to describe a tough, calculated brand of politics in which idealism played no part
34
Realism
A reaction to the Romantic Movement, this art style wanted to show life as it truly was
35
Romanticism
Artistic movement that contained “strum und drang” and showed the power of nature and nationalism
36
Impressionism
Artistic movement the was a reaction to Realism and depicted life at a glance
37
Wars of German Unification
Bismarck fought three wars to isolate Austria and France and gain territory to create a unified German
- Danish
- Austrian-Prussian
-Franco-Prussian
38
Communism
Economic and social system where the property and means of production are controlled by society as a whole
39
Capitalism
Economic system where the property and the means of production are controlled by individuals
40
Socialism
Economic system where the property and means of production are controlled by the government
41
Cottage Industry
System of production prior to the factory system
42
Utilitarianism
Ideas and people should be judged on their usefulness and beloved in doing what did the greatest good for the greatest number of people
43
Urbanization
Movement of people from rural areas to cities
44
Laissez faire
Doctrine based on the belief that government should not interfere with business
45
Unions
Name for the voluntary associations of workers seeking labor reforms
46
Agricultural Revolution
Changes in society prior to Industrialization which allowed for a larger labor force outside of farming
47
Malthus
Economist who believed that without wars and epidemics to kill off excess population there would be too many poor and miserable people
48
The rocket
Name of the first finacially successful train
49
Sufferage
The right to vote
50
Factors of production
The resources including land, labor, and capital that are needed to produce goods and services
51
Factory Act of 1819
First of many British laws restricting working age and hours in England’s factories
52
Industrialization
The development of industries for the machine production of goods
53
Emilie Pankhurst
British political activist and leader of the British suffragette movement who helped women win the right to vote. She used violence and militancy
54
Communist Manifesto
A book written by Karl Marx. It suggested that there would be a social/economic revolution in which the proletariat would overthrow the bourgeoisie and then set up a classless, socialist community. This book was the blueprint for communist governments around the world.
55
Social Darwinism
The belief that only the fittest survive in human political and economic struggle. Used as a justification for European Imperialism
56
Berlin Conference
A meeting from 1884-1885 at which representatives of European nations agreed on rules colonization of Africa
57
Boer War
War between the British and Boers in South Africa
58
Menelik II
Emperor of Ethiopia who played Italians, British, and French against each other while buying weapons from France and Russia. Successfully defeated the Italians and maintained their independence
59
Sepoy Mutiny
An 1857 rebellion of Hindu and Muslim soldiers agitates the British in India this began over roomers that rifle cartridges were sealed with beef and pork fat
60
Lili’uokalani
Last monarch of the Hawaii, ruling from before its annexation by the United States
61
Raj
British rule of after India came under the British crown during the reign of Queen Victoria
62
Geo-politics
A foreign policy based on a consideration of the strategic locations or products of other lands
63
Crimean War
Conflict between the Russian and ottoman empires fought primarily in the Crimean Peninsula. To prevent Russia expansion, Britain and France sent troops to support the Ottomans
64
Leopold II
Belgian king who ruthlessly exploited the native on his African land “Congo Free State” for personal gain seeking rubber, 10 million Congolese died
65
Paternalism
A policy of treating subject people as if they were Children, providing for their needs but not giving them rights
66
Suez Canal
Ship canal dug across the isthmus of Suez in Egypt, designed by Ferdinand de Lesseps. It opened to shipping in 1869 and shortened the sea voyage between Europe and Asia. Its strategic importance led to the Briths conquest of Egypt in 1882
67
Maji-Maji rebellion
Anti-Imperialism rebellion in German East Africa that sought to defeat the Germans through traditional magic. At least 80,000 natives dies
68
Shaka Zulu
Leader of Zulu people, around 1816 used highly disciplined warriors and good military organization to create a large centralized state. The Zulu land became part of British-controlled land in 1887
69
Opium war
A conflict between Britain and CHina, lasting from 1839 to 1842, over Britain’s opium trade in China
70
Extraterritorial rights
Foreigners were not subject to Chinese law at Guangzhou and four other Chinese ports
71
Treaty of Nanjing
1842, ended Opium war, said the western nations would determine who would trade with china, so it set up the unequal treaty system which allowed western nations to own a part of Chinese territory and conduct trading business in china under their own laws;
72
Boxer Rebellion
1899 rebellion in Beijing, China started by a secret society of Chinese who opposed the “foreign devils” the rebellion was ended by British troops
73
Open door policy
A policy proposed by the US in 1899, under ALL nations would have equal opportunities to trade in China
74
Commodore Perry
After arriving with a fleet of warships, he gets Japan to sign the Treaty of Kanagawa , opening some ports to America. Helps to end Japanese isolation
75
Meiji reforms
Returned authority to the Japanese emperor, birth of modern Japan attempted to industrialize Japan, westernize it, sent people abroad to study constitutional monarchy was formed
76
Treaty of Kanagawa
1854 treaty between Japan and the US Japan agreed to open two ports to American ships
77
Russo-Japanese War
War between Russia and Japan over imperial possessions. Japan emerges victorious
78
Sino-Japanese War
Imperialistic war between China and japan for influence, power, and territory
79
M.A.I.N
Militarism, Alliances, Imperialism, and Nationalsim
80
WWI
A war fought from 1914 to 1918 between the Allies, notably Britain, France, Russia, and Italy, and the Central Power : Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, and the Ottoman Empire
81
Stalemate
A situation where neither side is winning.
82
Schlieffen plan
Germany’s strategy to avoid a two front-war it failed to
83
Total war
Situation where a country devotes all sources towards the war effort
84
Propaganda
Used by governments to sway the public into supporting the war
85
U-Boat
Name given to German submarines during the WWI
86
Trench Warfare
A type of combat in which opposing troops fight from trenches facing each other
87
League of Nations
An organization of nations formed after World War I to promote cooperation and peace
88
Isolationism in the US
Policy which kept the US out of WWI until 1917 kept out of foreign affairs
89
Militarism
A policy of glorifying military power and keeping a standing army always prepared for war
90
Fourteen Points
A series of proposals in which US president Woodrow Wilson outlined a plan for achieving a lasting peace after World War I
91
Treaty of Versailles
Treaty particularly known for its harsh reparation towards the German after World War I
92
P.C.U.Z
Factors that led the US to turn from isolationism and enter WWI in 1917-propaganda, commerce and connections
93
Nicholas II of Russia
Last of the Romanov rulers, he abdicated and was executed along with his family in 1918
94
Hitler
Used his speaking abilities and propaganda to amass a strong following in Germany and became Chancellor in 1933
95
Mein Kampf
Book written by Adolph Hitler while in prison in nine months, it set out beliefs and goals for Germany
96
Aryan
To the Nazis, Germanic people who formed a “master race”
97
Nazism
The German form of fascism
98
Kristalnacht
Nazi storm troopers attacked Jewish homes, businesses, and synagogues throughout Germany
99
Third Reich
German Empire established by Adolph Hitler in the 1930s
100
Fascism
This political ideology believed in glorification of war and the military
101
Lenin
Leader of the radical socialists and “father of the Revolution” who took control of Russia in November 1917
102
Pogroms
Organized violence against Russian Jews and other minority groups that was encouraged by the government
103
Stalin
Russian leader who succeeded Lenin as head of the Communist Party and created a totalitarian state by purging all opposition
104
Great Purge
The widespread arrests and executions of over a million people by Josef Stalin between 1936 and 1938. Stalin was attempting to elimate all opposition to his rule of the SOviet Union
105
Great Depression
The economic crisis beginning with the stock market crash in 1929 and continuing through the 1930s brought down Europe’s economy too
106
Weimar Republic
German republic founded after the WWI and the downfall of the German Empire’s monarchy
107
Hyperinflation
Inflation that is out of control like see in Germany in 1923
108
Appeasement Policy
British and French policy of giving in to Adolf Hilter s territorial demands prior to the outbreak of WWII
109
Benito Mussolini
The Italian founder of the Fascist party who came to power in Italy in 1922 and allied himself with Adolf Hitler and the Axis power during the Second World War
110
Weapons of Totalitarianism
Police terror, indoctrination, propaganda, censorship, religious and ethnic persecuton
111
Manhattan Project
A secret US project for the construction of the atomic bomb
112
Dawes Plan
A plan to receive the German economy, the United States loans Germany money which then can pay reparations to England and France, who can then pay back their loans from the US. This circular flow of money was a success
113
Munich Conference
1938 conference at which European leaders attempted to appease Hitler by turning over the Sudetenland to him in exchange for promise that Germany would not expand Germany’s territory any further
114
Nuremberg Trials
A series of court proceedings held in Nuremberg German after World War II
115
Holocaust
The plan by Hilter to ensure German supremacy.
116
Embargo
An official band or trade or other commercial activity with a particular country
117
Blitzkrieg
“Lighting War”, typed of fast moving warfare used by German forces against Poland in 1939
118
Sitzkreig
“Sitting War”/“Phony war” Hilter and his army fight the French troops along the Maginot Line. During this time, Stalin is moving left and building a buffer zone against Hitler
119
Nazi-Soviet Non Aggression Pact
Hitler and Joesph Stalin agreed not to attack each other for 10 years and divide Poland but Germany did not keep true to their word and attacked Stalin later
120
Dunkirk Evacuation
British and some French Forces escaped to England, saving over 300k allied troops
121
Pearl Harbor
Base in Hawaii that was bombed by Japan on December 7, 1941 which eagered America to enter WWII
122
Battle of Britain
An aerial battle fought in World War II in 1940 between the German Luftaffle which carried out extensive bombing in Britain, and the British Royal Air Force, which offered successful resistance.
123
Battle of Stalingrad
Unsuccessful German attack on the city of Stalingrad during World War II from 1942 to 1943
124
Kamikazes
“Divine Wind” This tactic signaled the belief in nationalism and the emperor as being more important than the individual. Japanese suicide pilots who loaded their planes with explosives and crashed them into American ships
125
Battle of the Bulge
German counterattack that pushed the Allies back into Belgium
126
D-Day
June 6, 1944 Led by Eisenhower over a million troops stormed the beaches at Normandy and began the process of re-taking France. The turning point of World War II
127
Hiroshima
August 6, 1945, Col. Tibbetts flew the Enola Gay to this location to drop the First A-Bomb
128
Homefront War Effort WWII
Civilians did their part participating in Scrap metal dirves, rationing, working in war industries, planting victory garden, buying war bonds
129
Island Hopping Campagin
Us strategy to reach mainland Japan by capturing key islands
130
Battle of Midway
US Naval victory over the Japanese fleet in June 1942 in which the Japanese lost four of their best aircraft carriers. It marked a turning point in World War II
131
VE Day
May 8, 1945; victory in Europe Day when the Germans surrendered
132
VJ Day
August 15, 1945; the Victory in Japan Day when the Japanese surrendered
133
Cold War
A conflict that was between the US and Soviet Union following WWII. The nations never directly confronted each other on the battlefield but deadly threats went on for years
