Semen analysis

Question 1

____________ is an admixture of spermatozoa suspended in secretions from the glandular tissue of the male genital system.

Answer 1

Normal Semen

Question 2

How many fractions does an ejaculate have?

Answer 2

four fractions:
- Pre-Ejaculatory fraction
- Preliminary fraction
- Main fraction
- Terminal fraction

Question 3

Which fraction consists a clear secretion of Cowper’s or Litter’s glands and contains proteins with moderately viscous consistency, which may possibly serve to neutralize residues of urine

Answer 3

Pre-ejaculatory fraction

Question 4

Which gland functions to neutralize residues of urine?

Answer 4

Bulbourethral gland (Cowper’s or Litters gland)

Question 5

Which fraction originates from the prostate gland. It gives semen its characteristic odor. It contain enzymes which liquefies the spermatozoa coagulum

Answer 5

Preliminary fraction

Question 6

What is the function of the prostate gland?

Answer 6

• produces enzymes which serve to liquefy the spermatozoa coagulum
• gives the semen its characteristic odor

Question 7

What is the function of the prostate gland?

Question 8

It originates from the seminal vesicles, testes, epididymis and partially from the prostate gland.

Answer 8

Main fraction

Question 9

which fraction/s contain majority of spermatozoa?

Answer 9

• preliminary fraction
• main fraction

Question 10

Formed by secretions of seminal vesicles and is entirely gelatinous in consistency, with large number of immotile spermatozoa

Answer 10

Terminal fraction

Question 11

what are the main enzyme and main sugar needed for sperm?

Answer 11

• acid phosphatase
• fructose

Question 12

define and describe primary and secondary infertility?

Answer 12

• primary infertility refers when pregnancy is never achieved by the patient
• secondary infertility refers to when a patient at least had one prior pregnancy

Question 13

What are the purposes of of performing tests for semen analysis?

Answer 13

• investigation of infertility
• identify treatment options
• determine suitability of semen for ICSI/IVF
• Pre and post-vasectomy confirmation

Question 14

Define ICSI

Answer 14

intra Cytoplasmic Sperm Injection - male infertility

Question 15

Define IVF

Answer 15

in vitro fertilization - female infertility

Question 16

is procedure that involves cutting, tying, or sealing of the vas deferens in order to prevent sperm cells from entering to the urethra

Answer 16

vasectomy

Question 17

length of the human sperm cell

Answer 17

70um

Question 18

*4-5um
*Nucleus contains 23 *chromosomes Acrosome

Answer 18

Head

Question 19

*4-5um
*where energy for motility is generated

Answer 19

Midpiece

Question 20

contains enzymes that breaks down the outer membrane of egg shells

Answer 20

Acrosome

Question 21

contains enzymes that breaks down the outer membrane of egg shells

Answer 21

Acrosome

Question 22

Protects sperm against extracellular injuries

Answer 22

plasma membrane

Question 23

tail measures about _________

Answer 23

55um

Question 24

where spermatozoa is formed

Answer 24

Testis

Question 25

50%, Contributes to alkaline levels of semen, half of the volume of the semen.

Answer 25

Seminal vesicles

Question 26

the seminal vesicles contains what substance for sperm nutritional support?

Answer 26

Flavin, Fructose and Potassium (K)

Question 27

20%, Contributes to slightly acidic levels.

Answer 27

Prostate gland

Question 28

the prostate gland contains which substances?

Answer 28

acid phosphatase, citric acid and proteolytic enzymes

Question 29

Storage; where mature & immature sperm cells wait

Answer 29

Epididymis & vasa deferentia (vas deferens)

Question 30

where Sertoli cells are located

Answer 30

seminiferous tubules

Question 31

where spermatogenesis is being channeled; support & nourishment of sperm happens

Answer 31

sertoli cells

Question 32

sperm formation has an estimated ___________ process

Answer 32

74 day

Question 33

enumerate the standard guidelines for sperm collection

Answer 33

1) There should be 2 to 7 days of sexual abstinence before collection 2) Two separate samples at least 7 days apart should be analyzed 3)The duration of abstinence should be constant 4) Masturbation in a clinical setting is the recommended procedure  5) Must be collected in a pre warmed, sterile, non- toxic, wide-mouthed container

Question 34

T or F: passing of urine should be neglected upon semen collection

Answer 34

False

Question 35

T or F: Wash hands with soap and dry

Answer 35

True

Question 36

T or F: Glans and the penis may not necessarily be cleaned with wet paper towel

Answer 36

False

Question 37

T or F: use of lubricants is avoided upon semen collection since it has a potential to interfere with sperm motility

Answer 37

True

Question 38

what are the conditions when First portion is missing?

Answer 38

sperm count decreased, falsely increased pH and specimen will not liquefy

Question 39

what are the conditions when Last portion is missing?

Answer 39

semen volume decreased, sperm count will falsely increase, pH will falsely decrease, and specimen will not clot

Question 40

70% of sperms are found at which portion?

Answer 40

First portion

Question 41

Inclusions for labelling of semen specimen

Answer 41

- Patient's name - Age - Doctor's name - Laboratory analysis form > period of abstinence (in days) > date and time of collection > Mode of collection > Time interval from collection to analysis

Question 42

normal semen volume

Answer 42

Normospermia

Question 43

no semen volume

Answer 43

Aspermia

Question 44

semen volume <1.5 mL

Answer 44

Hypospermia

Question 45

semen volume > 6.0 mL

Answer 45

Hyperspermia

Question 46

No spermatozoa seen

Answer 46

Azoospermia

Question 47

presence of leukocytes in semen

Answer 47

Leukospermia

Question 48

presence of RBC in semen

Answer 48

Hematospermia

Question 49

presence of dead sperm cell in semen

Answer 49

Necrospermia

Question 50

presence of dead sperm cell in semen

Answer 50

Necrospermia

Question 51

Normal analysis report Liquefaction: Color: Viscosity: pH: Concentration:

Answer 51

- Liquefied under 30 minutes - White or grayish white - Viscous - 7.2 to 7.8 - 20 to 250 million/mL

Question 52

Normal analysis report Agglutination: Motility: Penetration: Viability: Normal morphology:

Answer 52

- None - > 60% progressively motile - > 30mm - 75% - >70

Question 53

Normal analysis report Leukocyte: Red blood cell: Epithelial cell: Bacteria: Fructose:

Answer 53

- None to occasional - None - None to few - None - 1+ to 4+

Question 54

*sperm form clumps

Answer 54

Sperm agglutination

Question 55

which condition causes sperm to non-sperm element agglutination?

Answer 55

- accessory gland infection

Question 56

which condition causes sperm to sperm agglutination?

Answer 56

- anti sperm antibodies

Question 57

What methods must be employed when sperm agglutination is observed?

Answer 57

- semen culture - antibody assessments

Question 58

units for sperm concentration & sperm count

Answer 58

- # sperm cell / mL - # sperm / ejaculate

Question 59

Azoospermia is seen in what following conditions?

Answer 59

- abnormal spermatogenesis - ejaculatory dysfunction or obstruction

Question 60

abnormally lower sperm concentration

Answer 60

Oligospermia

Question 61

abnormally elevated sperm concentration

Answer 61

Polyzoospremia

Question 62

Most important predictor of the functional aspect of spermatozoa

Answer 62

Sperm Motility

Question 63

sperm motility can evaluate two conditions such as?

Answer 63

- normal development of axoneme - normal maturation within epididymis

Question 64

Disadvantages of sperm motility assessment

Answer 64

- Assessment of this parameter is subjective and has potential for technical mistakes - In vitro motility of sperm may not reflect the true motility within the female reproductive tract

Question 65

this refers to the infertility condition of reduced sperm motility

Answer 65

Asthenospermia

Question 66

causes for asthenospermia

Answer 66

- inherent defects of sperm - artifactual (spermicides, lubricants, condoms) - Prolonged abstinence periods - Genital tract infection

Question 67

Habitual factors affecting sperm motility High intake of soya : __________ ___________ : decrease sperm motility/ density

Answer 67

- decrease sperm density - High consumption of tobacco

Question 68

Habitual factors affecting sperm motility high consumption of cocaine or marijuana : _______________ __________ : decrease sperm motility

Answer 68

- decrease sperm motility - vaginal lubricants

Question 69

Habitual factors affecting sperm motility Alcoholism

Answer 69

- affects all semen parameters

Question 70

More acidic = ?

Answer 70

lactic acid production with high sperm counts (Congenital Aplasia of vasa deferentia and seminal vesicles)

Question 71

More alkaline = ?

Answer 71

loss of C02 over time (Reproductive tract infection)

Question 72

is the simplest way to measure semen pH

Answer 72

Nitrozine paper

Question 73

Used to evaluate secretory function of the prostate

Answer 73

Acid phosphatase

Question 74

Provides energy for spermatozoa

Answer 74

Fructose

Question 75

Fructose is produced in?

Answer 75

seminal vesicles

Question 76

What are the following conditions that is caused by low fructose?

Answer 76

- ejaculatory duct obstruction - androgen deficiencies - decreased testosterone levels - azoospermia