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AUBF Lec (FINALS) > Semen Analysis > Flashcards

Semen Analysis Flashcards

1
Q

It is an admixture of spermatozoa suspended in secretions from the glandular tissue of the male genital system

A

Normal semen

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2
Q

This originates from the prostate gland and gives semen its characteristic odor

A

Preliminary Fraction

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3
Q

It originates from the seminal vesicles, testes, epididymis and partially from the prostate gland.

A

Main Fraction

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4
Q

It is formed by secretions of seminal vesicles and is entirely gelatinous in consistency, with large number of immotile spermatozoa

A

Terminal Fraction

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5
Q

It is clear secretion of Cowper’s or Litter’s glands and contains proteins with moderately viscous consistency

A

Pre – Ejaculatory Fraction

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6
Q

They contain majority
of the spermatozoa

A

preliminary fraction and main fraction

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7
Q

This refers when pregnancy is never achieved by the patient

A

Primary infertility

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8
Q

Refers to when a patient at least had one prior pregnancy

A

Secondary infertility

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9
Q

What are the four fractions of ejaculate?

A
  • Pre-Ejaculatory Fraction
  • Preliminary Fraction
  • Main Fraction
  • Terminal Fraction
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10
Q

What is the main prostatic enzyme that can be found in the semen?

A

Acid phosphatase

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11
Q

What does ICSI mean?

A

Intra-Cytoplasmic Sperm Injection

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12
Q

These are procedures in order for patients to have a chance for fertility

A
  • ICSI = Intra-Cytoplasmic Sperm Injection (Male)
  • IVF= In-Vitro Fertilization (Female)
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13
Q

It is the cutting, tying, or sealing of the vas deferens in order to prevent sperm cells from entering to the urethra

A

Vasectomy

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14
Q

It contains enzymes that breaks down the outer membrane of egg shells

A

Acrosome

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15
Q

4-5 um and where energy for motility is generated

A

Mid piece

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16
Q

It protects sperm against extra cellular injuries

A

Plasma membrane

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17
Q

How long is a human sperm cell?

A

70 um long

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18
Q

50%, Contributes to alkaline levels of semen, half of the volume of the semen.

A

Seminal vesicles

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19
Q

20%, Contributes to slightly acidic levels.

A

Prostate glands

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20
Q

It contains citric acid, flavin, fructose and K for nutritional support

A

Seminal vesicles

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21
Q

Storage; where mature &
immature sperm cells wait

A

Epididymis and
Vasa deferentia

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22
Q

Where Sertoli cells are located;

A

Seminiferous
tubules

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23
Q

Where spermatogenesis is being
channeled; support &
nourishment of sperm happens

A

Sertoli Cells

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24
Q

Sperm formation is estimated to be how long?

A

74 day process

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25
Q

Terminology: No spermatozoa in semen

A

Azoospermia

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26
Q

Terminology: Semen volume <1.5 ml

A

Hypospermia

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27
Q

Terminology: No semen volume

A

Aspermia

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28
Q

Terminology: normal semen volume

A

Normospermia

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29
Q

Terminology: Semen volume >6.0 ml

A

Hyperspermia

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30
Q

Terminology: Red blood cell present in semen

A

Hematospermia

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31
Q

Terminology: Leukocytes present in semen

A

Leukospermia

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32
Q

What is the normal range for immature forms in semen analysis?

A

<2%

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33
Q

What is the normal range for fructose in semen analysis?

A

1+ to 4+

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34
Q

What is the normal range for epithelial cells in semen analysis?

A

None to few

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35
Q

What is the normal range for bacteria in semen analysis?

A

None

36
Q

What is the normal range for penetration in semen analysis?

A

> 30 mm

37
Q

What is the normal range for RBCs in semen analysis?

A

None

38
Q

What is the normal range for Leukocytes in semen analysis?

A

None to occasional

39
Q

Non-specific agglutination and results to accessory gland infection

A

Sperm to non sperm elements

40
Q

Site specific agglutination and results to anti sperm antibodies

A

Sperm to sperm agglutination

41
Q

Absence of sperm. Seen in abnormal spermatogenesis, ejaculatory dysfunction or obstruction

A

Azoospermia

42
Q

Abnormally lower sperm concentration

A

Oligospermia

43
Q

Abnormally elevated sperm concentration

A

Polyzoospermia

44
Q

It is rare and may be cause by a long period of abstinence. Can also be associated with sperm of poor quality.

A

Polyzoospermia

45
Q

It is the most important predictor of the functional
aspect of spermatozoa

A

Motility

46
Q

What are the causes of Asthenospermia?

A
  • Inherent defects of sperm
  • Artifactual – spermicides, lubricants, or rubber
    condoms
  • Prolonged Abstinence Periods
  • Genital Tract Infection
47
Q

Habitual Factor: High intake of soya results in?

A

decrease sperm density

48
Q

Habitual Factor: High consumption of
tobacco results in?

A

Decrease sperm density / motility.

49
Q

Habitual Factor: Consumption
of coccaine/marijuana and vaginal lubricant results in?

A

decrease sperm motility

50
Q

Habitual Factor: Alcoholism affects?

A

affects all semen parameters

51
Q

A pH that is more acidic is caused by?

A

lactic acid production with high sperm counts (Congenital Aplasia of vasa deferentia and seminal vesicles)

52
Q

A pH that is more alkaline is caused by?

A

loss of C02 over time (Reproductive tract infection)

53
Q

What is the simplest way to measure semen pH

A

Nitrozine paper

54
Q

This enzyme is used to evaluate secretory function of the prostate

A

Acid Phosphatase

55
Q

This is produced by the seminal vesicle and functions to provide energy for spermatozoa

A

Fructose

56
Q

What are the possible causes of low fructose?

A

Presence of ejaculatory duct obstruction, androgen deficiencies, decreased testosterone levels and azoospermia

57
Q

Maturation of spermatozoa takes place in the:

A

Epididymis

58
Q

Enzymes for the coagulation and liquefaction of semen are
produced by the:

A

Prostate gland

59
Q

The major component of seminal fluid is:

A

Fructose

60
Q

If the first portion of a semen specimen is not collected, the
semen analysis will have which of the following?

A. Decreased pH
B. Increased viscosity
C. Decreased sperm count
D. Decreased sperm motility

A

C. Decreased sperm count

61
Q

Failure of laboratory personnel to document the time a
semen sample is collected primarily affects the interpretation of semen:

A

Viscosity

62
Q

Liquefaction of a semen specimen should take place within:

A

1 hour

63
Q

A semen specimen delivered to the laboratory in a condom
has a normal sperm count and markedly decreased sperm
motility. This indicates:

A

Antispermicide in the condom

64
Q

An increased semen pH may be caused by:

A. Prostatic infection
B. Decreased prostatic secretions
C. Decreased bulbourethral gland secretions
D. All of the above

A

D. All of the above

65
Q

Proteolytic enzymes may be added to semen specimens to:

A

Decrease the viscosity

66
Q

The normal sperm concentration is:

A

More than 20 million/mL

67
Q

Given the following information, calculate the sperm concentration: dilution, 1:20; sperm counted in five RBC
squares on each side of the hemocytometer, 80 and 86;
volume, 3 mL

A

83 million/mL

68
Q

Using the same information, calculate the sperm count when 80 sperm are counted in 1 WBC square and
86 sperm are counted in another WBC square

A
69
Q

The primary reason to dilute a semen specimen before
performing a sperm concentration is to:

A

Immobilize the sperm

70
Q

When performing a sperm concentration, 60 sperm are
counted in the RBC squares on one side of the hemocytometer and 90 sperm are counted in the RBC squares on the other side. The specimen is diluted 1:20. The:

A. Specimen should be rediluted and counted
B. Sperm count is 75 million/mL
C. Sperm count is greater than 5 million/mL
D. Sperm concentration is abnormal

A

A. Specimen should be rediluted and counted

71
Q

Sperm motility evaluations are performed:

A. Immediately after the specimen is collected
B. Within 1 hour of collection
C. After 3 hours of incubation
D. At 6-hour intervals for 1 day

A

B. Within 1 hour of collection

72
Q

The percentage of sperm showing average motility that is
considered normal is:

A

B. 50%

73
Q

The purpose of the acrosomal cap is to:

A

Penetrate the ovum

74
Q

The sperm part containing a mitochondrial sheath is the:

A

Midpiece

75
Q

All of the following are associated with sperm motility
except the:

A. Head
B. Neckpiece
C. Midpiece
D. Tail

A

A. Head

76
Q

The morphologic shape of a normal sperm head is:

A

Oval

77
Q

Normal sperm morphology when using the WHO criteria is:

A

> 30% normal forms

78
Q

Additional parameters measured by Kruger’s strict morphology include all of the following except:

A. Vitality
B. Presence of vacuoles
C. Acrosome size
D. Tail length

A

A. Vitality

79
Q

Round cells that are of concern and may be included in
sperm counts and morphology analysis are:

A

Leukocytes and Spermatids

80
Q

If 5 round cells per 100 sperm are counted in a sperm morphology smear and the sperm concentration is 30 million, the concentration of round cells is:

A

1.5 million

81
Q

Following an abnormal sperm motility test with a normal
sperm count, what additional test might be ordered?

A

Eosin-nigrosin stain

82
Q

Follow-up testing for a low sperm concentration would
include testing for:

A

Seminal fluid fructose

83
Q

The immunobead test for antisperm antibodies:

A. Detects the presence of male antibodies
B. Determines the presence of IgG, IgM, and IgA antibodies
C. Determines the location of antisperm antibodies
D. All of the above

A

D. All of the above

84
Q

Measurement of α -glucosidase is performed to detect a
disorder of the:

A

Epididymis

85
Q

A specimen delivered to the laboratory with a request
for prostatic acid phosphatase and glycoprotein p30 was
collected to determine:

A. Prostatic infection
B. Presence of antisperm antibodies
C. A possible rape
D. Successful vasectomy

A

C. A possible rape

86
Q

Following a negative post vasectomy wet preparation, the
specimen should be:

A. Centrifuged and reexamined
B. Stained and reexamined
C. Reported as no sperm seen
D. Both A and B

A

A. Centrifuged and reexamined

87
Q

Standardization of procedures and reference values for
semen analysis is primarily provided by the:

A

WHO

AUBF Lec (FINALS) (6 decks)

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