SEMENALYSIS Flashcards
(123 cards)
1
Q
increase emphasis semen analysis
A
ART (Assisted Reproductive Technology)
2
Q
performed to determine the presence of semen and
fertility checking
A
Post-vasectomy semen analysis and forensic analyses
3
Q
Semen composed of four fractions
A
spermatozoa, seminal
fluid, prostate fluid, and bulbourethral glands
4
Q
Paired glands found in the scrotum
A
Testes
5
Q
Where germ cells or the production of spermatozoa
takes place –
A
seminiferous tubules
6
Q
o – provide support and nutrients for the
germ cells as they undergo mitosis and meiosis
(spermatogenesis)
A
Sertoli cells
7
Q
Where immature sperm (nonmotile) enters when
spermatogenesis is complete
A
Epididymis
8
Q
Sperm mature and develop flagella (approximately 90
days process)
A
Epididymis
9
Q
– where sperms
propelled from epididymis after ejaculation
A
Ductus deferens (vas deferens)
10
Q
– receive both the sperm from the
ductus deferens and fluid from the seminal vesicles
A
Ejaculatory ducts
11
Q
Produce fluid present in semen (60% to 70%) and this
fluid is the transport medium for the sperm
A
Seminal vesicles
12
Q
Metabolized by Spermatozoa for the energy
needed for the flagella to propel them through
the female reproductive tract
A
Fructose
13
Q
responsible for the gray appearance of
semen
A
Flavin
14
Q
Absence: sperm do not display motility in the
semen analysis
A
Fructose
15
Q
Secretes proteins that are also involved in the
coagulation of the ejaculate
A
Seminal vesicles
16
Q
Aids in propelling the sperm through the urethra by
contractions during ejaculation
A
Muscular prostate gland
17
Q
Produce milky acidic fluid (20% to 30%
A
prostate gland
18
Q
contains high concentrations of acid phosphatase, citric acid, zinc, and proteolytic enzymes
A
milky acidic fluid OF PROSTATE GLAND
19
Q
responsible for both the coagulation and
liquefaction of the semen following ejaculation
A
prostate gland’S ACIDIC FLUID
20
Q
Produce thick alkaline mucus (5% of the fluid volume) – helps to neutralize acidity from the prostate
secretions and the vagina (for normal bacterial vaginal
flora)
A
Bulbourethral glands
21
Q
Pathway of semen
A
Testes epididymis vas deferens seminal vesicle
ejaculatory duct prostate gland bulbourethral gland
urethra
22
Q
Semen Composition
A
Spermatozoa (from testes and epididymis)
Sperm
5%
Seminal fluid (from seminal vesicles)
Fructose and flavin
60% to 70%
Prostate fluid (from prostate gland)
Milky acidic fluid
20% to 30%
Bulbourethral glands
Alkaline mucus Structure
5%
23
Q
o Contains the highest number of spermatozoa
A
First portion of the ejaculate
24
Q
Essential for accurate testing of both fertility and post vasectomy specimens
A
Must be a complete specimen
25
When First portion of the ejaculate
IS missing: -
When missing:
- sperm count will be decreased -
- pH falsely increased (basic)
- specimen will not liquefy
26
If the last portion of ejaculate was missing
When missing
o Semen volume is decreased
o Sperm count is falsely increased
o pH is falsely decreased (acidic)
o Specimen will not clot.
27
Four ways on how to collect semen
1. Masturbation/Self production –
2. Coitus interruptus
3. Condom - non-lubricant-containing rubber polyurethane condoms should be used
4. Aspiration from vaginal vault after coitus
28
collect specimen following a period of sexual abstinence for _____
collect specimen following a period of
sexual abstinence for 2 days but not more than 7 days
29
– tend to have higher volumes and
decreased motility (should be avoided)
prolonged abstinence
30
how many samples should be collected insemeanlysis and how long
WHO recommends that 2 or 3 samples be collected not less
than 7 days or more than 3 weeks apart, with two abnormal
samples considered significant (for a more accurate result)
31
normal volume of sperm
Volume 2 to 5 mL
32
pf of sperm
7.2 to 8.0 (
33
Sperm concentration
>20 million/mL
34
Sperm count
>40 million/ejaculate (or ejac)
35
Motility semen
>50% within 1 hour
36
less than 50% of semen motility could indicate
= pathologic
condition; sign of infertility or
due to improper specimen
collection or handling
37
Round cells in sperm how many q
<1.0 million/mL
38
Increased white turbidity in sperm =
presence of white blood cells
(WBCs) and infection within the reproductive tract
39
Red coloration of semen
– associated with the presence of red
blood cells (RBCs) and are abnormal
40
Yellow coloration of semen
– caused by urine contamination,
specimen collection following prolonged abstinence, and
medications
41
Clotted fresh semen specimen liquefies within
Clotted fresh semen specimen liquefies within 30 to 60
minutes after collection
42
Failure of liquefaction to occur within 60 minutes
caused by a deficiency in prostatic enzymes and should be
reported
43
when to perform induced liquefaction
after 2 hours
44
how to do induced liquefaction
Add an equal volume of physiologic Dulbecco’s phosphate-buffered saline or proteolytic enzymes such as alphachymotrypsin or bromelain to induce liquefaction and allow the rest of the analysis to be performed
45
must be accounted for when calculating sperm concentration
Dilution of semen with bromelain
46
may be present in liquefied semen specimens and have no clinical significance
Jelly-like granules (gelatinous bodies)
47
semen dilution what rsatio
Prepare an equal volume of diluent and semen (1 part
diluent and 1 part semen) using Dulbecco’s phosphate
buffered saline
48
what does increased and decreased volume of semen indicate
Increased volume = extended or prolonged abstinence
Decreased volume = non-adherence to 2 days abstinence
49
Should be measured within 1 hour of ejaculation due to the
loss of CO2 that occurs
pH of semen
50
what does increased and decreased ph indicate
Increased pH = infection within the reproductive tract
Decreased pH = acidic pH = increased prostatic fluid,
ejaculatory duct obstruction, or poorly developed seminal
vesicles
51
Sperm motility grading
basahin
52
52
reference value in who
Interpretation states that within 1 hour, 50% or more of
the sperm should be motile in categories a, b, and c, or
25% or more should show progressive motility (a and
b)
53
54
sperm morphology =
oval- shaped head (5 µm long and 3 µm wide) and a long, flagellar tail
55
Enzyme-containing located at the tip of the head (encompasses half of i
Acrosomal cap
56
– attaches the head to the tail and the midpiece
Neckpiece
57
Cover approximately two thirds of the sperm nucleus
Acrosomal cap
58
o Thickest part of the tail
semen
midpiece
59
Head abnormalities in semen
– causes poor ovum penetration
60
– affect motility
Tail abnormalities
61
– no tail sperm
Spermatid
62
System of evaluating sperm morphology using stage
micrometer or morphometry
Kruger’s strict criteria
63
normal forms of semen (percetage)
Normal forms (strict criteria) = > 14%
Normal forms (routine criteria) = > 30%
64
Normal sperm concentration =
> 20 to 250 million sperm per milliliter (million/mL)
65
sperm per milliliter (million/mL)
o Borderline sperm concentration =
between 10 and
20 million per milliliter
66
Normal total sperm counts
= > 40 million per
ejaculate (million/ejac) (20 million per milliliter × 2 mL)
67
is important to immobilize the sperm before
counting (papatayin yung mga sperms para di palipat
lipat ng squares)
dilution
68
Diluting fluid
contains sodium bicarbonate and
formalin, which immobilize and preserve the cells
69
diluting fluid of semen
Good results can also be achieved using saline and
distilled water
70
Sperm are counted similar to cerebrospinal fluid cell count
Neubauer hematocytometer
71
> 1 million leukocytes per milliliter
inflammation or
infection of the reproductive organs
lead to infertility
72
> 1 million spermatids per milliliter
= disruption of
spermatogenesis; caused by viral infections, exposure to
toxic chemicals, and genetic disorders
73
Uses undiluted specimen
o The number of spermatozoa counted in any strip of 10
squares of the grid indicates their concentration in
millions/mL
Markler counting chamber
74
Differentiation and enumeration of round cells (immature
sperm and leukocytes) can also be examined
Markler counting chamber
75
can be further differentiated from
spermatogenic cells and lymphocytes using a
peroxidase stain
Peroxidase-positive granulocytes (
76
=
inflammatory condition with infection; poor s
> 1 million WBCs per milliliter per ejaculate
77
Sperm viability test ak
or Bloom’s test or Eosin/Nigrosin test
78
sperm vitality
Based on the principle that:
o Living cells are not infiltrated or unstained by the dye and remain bluish white
o Dead cells stain red against the purple background
79
Normal vitality requires
50% or more living cells and
should correspond to the previously evaluated motility
80
Presence of a large proportion of vital but immobile cells
= defective flagellum
81
High number of immotile and nonviable cells =
epididymal pathology
82
Done in cases where the sperm count is low
Seminal Fluid Fructose
83
normal fructose level
Normal = ≥ 13 µmol per ejaculate
84
Seminal Fluid Fructose principle
Based on the principle of resorcinol test – produces an
orange color when fructose is present
85
Considered a possible cause of infertility
Antisperm Antibodies
86
Should be intact to prevent sensitizing the immune
system from producing antibodies against own sperm
Antisperm Antibodies
87
= cause the production of
antibodies in the female partner
damaged sperm
88
sperm-agglutinating or clumps and poor motility
Male antisperm antibodies
89
After coitus, examine cervical mucosa or serum and
observe for clumps or agglutination of sperms and poor
motility
Female antisperm antibodies
90
tests that detect the presence of antibody-coated
sperm
Mixed agglutination reaction (MAR) and immunobead
test
91
detect the presence of immunoglobulin G
(IgG) antibodies
MAR test
92
Semen with motile sperm is incubated with IgG
antihuman globulin (AHG)
Semen with motile sperm is incubated with IgG
antihuman globulin (AHG)
93
normal result in mar test
Normal = less than 10% of the motile sperm
attached to the particles
94
Detect the presence of IgG, IgM, and IgA
antibodies
Immunobead test
95
Demonstrates what area of the sperm (head,
neckpiece, midpiece, or tail) the autoantibodies
are affecting
immunobead test - More specific p
96
interfere with penetration into the cervical mucosa or ovum
Head-directed antibodies
97
s affect movement through
the cervical mucosa
Tail-directed antibodie
98
normal
Normal = less than 50% beads on sperm
99
1 million leukocytes per millimeter
= (significant)
reproductive system infection; affects prostate
frequently
100
can be seen in sperm (microbia testing)
Chlamydia trachomatis, Mycoplasma hominis, and
Ureaplasma urealyticum
101
o Decreased fructose levels =
lack of seminal fluid
102
Decreased neutral α -glucosidase, glycerol
phosphocholine and L-carnitine
= disorder of the
epididymis
103
Decreased zinc, citric acid, glutamyl transpeptidase,
and acid phosphatase =
lack of prostatic fluid
104
– used to quantitate citric
acid and zinc
Spectrophotometric methods
105
Use xylene to enhance visualization of specimen and examine under phase microscopy
Alleged rape case (test)
106
motile vs nonmotile sperm
Motile sperm – detected for up to 24 hours after intercourse
Nonmotile sperm – persist for 3 days
107
– only the heads remain and present for 7 days after intercourse
Dead sperm
108
– aid
in determining the presence of semen in a specimen
Detect prostatic acid phosphatase (high in semen)
109
– more specific; present even in the
absence of sperm
Detection of seminal glycoprotein p30 (PSA or prostatic specific antigen
110
Evaluates presence or absence of spermatozoa
Post-vasectomy Semen Analysis
111
when in Post-vasectomy Semen Analysis
tested
Specimens are routinely tested at monthly intervals,
beginning at 2 months postvasectomy until two
consecutive monthly specimens show no spermatozoa
112
assess not only the characteristics of sperm but
also the functional ability
assisted reproduction (AR) and in vitro fertilization
(IVF) –
113
Sperm are incubated with
speciesnonspecific hamster
eggs and penetration is
observed microscopically
Hamster egg penetration
114
Observation of sperm’s
ability to penetrate partner’s
midcycle cervical mucus
Cervical mucus
penetration
115
Sperm exposed to low
sodium concentrations are evaluated for membrane
integrity and sperm viability
Hypo-osmotic swelling
116
Evaluation of the acrosome
to produce enzymes
essential for ovum
penetration
In vitro acrosome reaction
117
Florence test result
(+) result = brown rhombic crystal (peroxide of choline
118
Uses TCA and picric acid
Barbiero’s test
119
Barbiero’s test
resultq
(+) result = yellow leaf-like crystals (Spermine picrate)
120
Measles the quality of cervical mucus and the ability of the
sperm cells to penetrate the mucus and maintain activity
Sim Huhner test (post-coital test)
121
– test for the tenacity of mucus
Spinnbarkeit test
122
sim huhner normal value
Normal value = 6-8hrs after coitus
o 10 motile sperm cells /hpf
