Semester 1 Flashcards
(164 cards)
1
Q
Achromatic
A
having no discernible hue or color
2
Q
Additive Color
A
The process of mixing the colors of light together
3
Q
Additive Mixture
A
Color seen because of light only
4
Q
Additive Primaries
A
Wavelengths of light that must be presented to yield white light: red, green, and blue
5
Q
Afterimage
A
a “ghost” image generated by the eye in response to stimulation by a single color in the absence of its complement
6
Q
Analogous Colors
A
Colors adjacent on a color spectrum, sometimes defined as hues limited to the range between a primary and secondary. A group of colors including any two primaries but never the third.
7
Q
Architectural Order (Color)
A
A sequence with the lightest value at the top and the darkest at the bottom
8
Q
Artists’ Media
A
A family of subtractive media that selectively absorb and reflect light. _____ are composed of a liquid, paste, viscous, solid, or other base into which pigments or dyes have been introduced to form a transferable colorant, such as paint, dye, crayon, or chalk.
9
Q
Artists’ Spectrum
A
The full range of visible hues as organized by Goethe: red, orange, yellow, green, blue, and violet; expandable to include any and all hues in between them. Also called color circle or color wheel.
10
Q
Ascender
A
In typeface, it is the portion of the lowercase letter that extends above the mean line of a font (x-height)
11
Q
Aspect Ratio
A
The proportional relationship between the width and height of a rectangle (written as width:height)
12
Q
Asymmetrical Balance
A
Balance that relies on non-symmetrical design components, in which both sides of the work are not the same or divisible
13
Q
Atmospheric Perspective
A
the effect of an intervening body of air between an object and the viewer, causing a softening of outlines, blurring of colors, and loss of detail at the horizon; the simulation of depth in two-dimensional art by the portrayal of this effect
14
Q
Azo Dye
A
a family of petroleum-based dyes developed in the latter nineteenth century, with greater color fastness that the aniline dyes that preceded them
15
Q
Bezier Curve
A
A line defined by a set of anchor and control points (named after the engineer Pierre Bezier)
16
Q
Bezold Effect
A
the changing of an appearance in a pattern accomplished by swapping out (only) one color for another (named after meteorologist and carpet maker Wilhelm von Bezold)
17
Q
Biomorphic
A
Taken from nature, from the Greek meaning “structure based on life”
18
Q
Brilliance
A
the combined qualities of high light-reflectance and strong hue, typically found in saturated colors and strong tints.
19
Q
Carried Colors
A
colors in an image or design that are laid on the background
20
Q
Chiaroscuro
A
the use of light and shadow effects in a painting
21
Q
Chroma
A
a synonym of hue and color; the name of a color (see “hue”). Also, a term used to describe the relative presence of hue in a sample. A vivid color has high chroma, a muted color sample has lower chroma.
22
Q
Chromatic Simultaneous Contrast
A
Simultaneous contrast the concerns itself with hue/color changes that occur due to the influence of the surrounding hues/colors
23
Q
Chromophobia
A
Fear of color
24
Q
Chromotherapy
A
the use of color for healing
25
CIE
the Commission Internationale de I'Eclairage; an organization that attempts to standardize color notation with regard to the colors of light
26
Collage
a composition in which various materials and objects are combined together either two-dimensionally on a fixed backing, or three-dimensionally as sculptural object
27
Color
A category of visual experience including hue, value, and saturation. Also, a synonym for hue and chroma; the name of a color
28
Colorant
a substance of visual experience that reacts with light by absorbing some wavelengths and reflecting others, giving an object or surface its hue
29
Color Coding
the use of color to differentiate between objects or ideas
30
Color Cycle
a period of time or stage in consumer preference for certain palettes; the prevalence of certain colors in the context of a particular time
31
Color Forecasting
A service that provides manufacturers and vendors with information and guidance on upcoming consumer interest in certain colors and palettes
32
Colorimeter
A device that measures the red, green, and blue wavelengths of emitted light; used to calibrate computers and monitors
33
Color Rendering Index (CRI)
A rating scale meant to assess the ability of a lamp to render the colors of objects. Lamps are rated abased on the degree of color shift that occurs when an object placed under the test lamp is compared to the same object under a reference standard lamp
34
Color Scheme
a plan for selecting, organizing, and using colors in a specific application
35
Color Separation
In printing, the process by which the primary colors are printed separately but create a full color image when superimposed with each other
36
Color Temperature
in lighting, the measurable temperature in degrees Kelvin of any given light source. in color theory and description, the relative warmth (red-yellow-orange cast) or coolness (blue or green cast) of a color
37
Color Wheel
a synonym for spectrum. also a term sometimes used to mean a circle of color that scientist James Maxwell devised to demonstrate the responses of the human eye to color in motion
38
Complementary Colors
Colors directly opposite each other on the artists' spectrum or color wheel. Each pair of complements contains the three primary colors (red, yellow, and blue) in some proportion or mixture
39
Complementary Contrast
An effect of intensified hue difference that takes place when colors used together contain even a partial complementary relationship
40
Cones
Cells in the retina that are sensitive to bright light and color as well as fine detail
41
Cool Grays
the result of mixing white with a commercially produced black
42
Contrast Reversal
A variation of afterimage in which the "ghost" image is seen as a negative of the original image and as its complementary color
43
Cross-Hatching
A series of intersection sets of parallel lines used to indicate shading or volume in a drawing
44
Descender
In typeface design, it is the proportion of a lowercase letter that extends below the baseline
45
Deuteranopia
A form of color blindness in which sensitivity to green is reduced
46
Diffraction
the breaking up of a beam of light into a series of dark or light bands or colored spectra, after hitting an obstacle
47
Dilution
Changing a pure or saturated hue by lightening, darkening, or muting (or by the addition of black, white, gray, or its complement)
48
Direct Mixing
the mixing of wet colorants together to create composite colors
49
Display Mode
the way in which a user mixes colors of a monitor light display
50
Dot Gain
in process printing, an unintended instance of ink spreading around half-tone dots
51
Dye
a colorant created by dissolving pigment into a liquid vehicle
52
Equilibrium
an involuntary, physiological state of rest that the eye seeks out. Equilibrium occurs when all three (additive or subtractive) primary colors are within the field of vision
53
Equiluminance
the appearance of vibration when two colors of equal luminance are adjacent to one another. our eyes cannot perceive the shape edges and thus compositional elements appear to be in movement. Also referred to as color vibration
54
Fauvism
a movement originating in France in 1905, characterized by the unconventional, seemingly arbitrary, use of bright contrasting colors (associated with Matisse)
55
Figure-Ground
in two-dimensional design, the relationship that exists between the principal image (the focus) and the background shapes. The term "figure-ground ambiguity" implies both are of equal importance (visually)
56
Filter
When used in the context of color theory, a material that transmits some wavelengths of light and absorbs others
57
Flat Color
A single solid area of color used as a design element in printing; also match or spot color
58
Font
A collection of letters, numbers, symbols of a specific size and weight within a particular typeface. For example, "Arial 12-point regular" is a different font than "Arial 20-point bold italics" even though they are members of the same typeface
59
Font Family
A collection of related fonts. These may, for example, contain the font files for "Regular," "Narrow," "Italics," "Bold Italics," etc. all within the same typeface
60
Gamut
The full range of colors available in software and seen as the display of a color monitor
61
Geometric Shape
A shaper created according to mathematical laws or formulae (eg. square, circle)
62
Gouache
A matte and opaque water-based paint with a gum arabic binder
63
Gray Scale
anything that contains intervals of gray as well as black and white, such as a gray scale monitor, which usually displays 256 grays
64
Grid
A network of lines-physical or implied-that may be horizontal, vertical, angled, irregular, broken or continuous, curved, and/or circular. a network of coordinates
65
Ground
the background against which colors, forms, or shapes, are laid
66
Harmony
in color, the pleasing joint effect of two or more colors used together in a single composition
67
Hexachrome
A type of printing that adds orange and green to the CMYK system to increase the range of colors
68
Hexadecimal Colors
Colors within a system of specifying colors for Web graphics based on a 16-symbol code consisting of numbers 0 through 9 and the letters A through F. Each color is specified by two symbols as a percentage of red, green, and blue
69
Hick's Law (aka Hick-Hyman Law)
The time it takes to make a decision increases as the number of alternatives increases
70
HLS Color System
hue, lightness, and saturation used as a color coding system. Hue refers to the color, lightness refers to the amount of white present in the color, and saturation is defined by the amount of gray (which by definition, has zero saturation)
71
HSB Display Mode
Hue, saturation, and brightness used to represent the mixing of light and color on a monitor in the context of digital design
72
Horizon Line
The distant point at which the sky and ground appear to meet. The line on which the vanishing points lie in an accurate perspective
73
Hue
the name of the color: red, orange, yellow, green, blue, or violet. Synonyms are chroma or color
74
Hue Intensity
The saturation or purity of a color; its vivid versus dull quality
75
Impasto
Paint applied to a support very thickly, usually with a palette knife, for the purpose of providing texture and a feeling of plasticity to the paint
76
Incident Beam
the beam of light that is emitted by a light source
77
Intensity
sometimes used as a synonym for brilliance, or the strength of a hue (see "hue intensity" and "light intensity")
78
Intermediate Color
A color on the spectrum between a primary and a secondary
79
Interval
A visual step between color samples. Even intervals are visually equidistant steps between colors
80
Iridescence
An attribute of surfaces on which the hue changes as the observer's angle of view changes
81
Ishihara Test
A test used for color deficient vision (colloquially known as color blindness) and color confusion diagnosis
82
Kerning
The spacing between individual letters of characters, generally to improve legibility or pleasing visual effect(s)
83
Leading
the vertical spacing between lines in a body of text
84
Linear Perspective
A system originating during the Renaissance for depicting 3 dimensional distance on a 2 dimensional surface, depending on the illusion that parallel lines receding into space converge at a point, known as the vanishing point
85
Luminosity
literally, light emitted without heat. used to describe the light-reflecting quality of a color. luminous colors reflect light; non-luminous colors absorb light
86
Luster
Sheen; softened or diffused light reflectiveness on a surface
87
Maximum Chroma
The strongest possible manifestation of a hue
88
Medium
the means by which something is transmitted
89
Metamerism
the phenomenon that occurs when two objects that appear to match under one set of light conditions do not match under a different set of light conditions
90
Minimalism
the theory or practice in art or design in which the fewest possible elements are used to achieve the greatest effect
91
Moiré Pattern
an interference pattern produced by overlaying similar but offset templates or patterns
92
Monochromatic
containing only one hue
93
Monochromatic Color Scheme
the use of a single hue and its variations to impart color to a composition
94
Monotone
color without variation. generally used to describe two or more colors of close or identical value and saturation
95
Munsell Wheel
A color wheel with hues arranged based on after imaging. Its principal (primary) colors are yellow, red, violet, blue, and green. The wheel is the basis for partitive color
96
Nanometer (NM)
a measure of wavelength, one billionth of a meter
97
Natural Pigments
Pigments that are derived from animal, vegetable, and/or mineral substances
98
Negative Afterimage
an afterimage that is seen as the complement of the observed color area
99
Nonobjective
having no relationship to recognizable objects (non-representational). Meant to be appreciated for line, shape, color
100
Object Mode of Vision
the presence of a viewer, light source, and object
101
Occlusion
The obstruction of one visual element by another in a composition, often used as a method to convey or imply depth
102
One-Point Perspective
Spatial drawing or rendering of a figure/object whose sides recede towards a single point
103
Oppositional (or Opponent) Color
also called complementary color and formerly known as binary colors. When mixed together such hues will dull each other; when adjacent to each other, they will intensify each other. On a color circle, they lie directly across from each other.
104
Optical Mix
a new color that is seen as a result of the close juxtaposition of small areas of two or more colors
105
Palette
literally, a board or plate upon which colors are mixed. it describes a group of colors used characteristically by an individual artist or designer, or in a specific design, group of designs or body of work, or the colors of a particular era.
106
Pantone Matching System (PMS)
a proprietary by standardized color reproduction system in which colors are each given specific numbers. This system, based on nine colors, black and transparent white shows the percentages of colors required to produce a particular color
107
Partitive Color
a new color that is seen as a result of the close juxtaposition of small areas of two or more other colors
108
Pastel
an apparel-industry (also used by color product manufacturers that include paint, wallcovering, etc.) term for colors diluted by white to high or middle values; also clean tints with little or no muted quality
109
Pattern
a coherent visual structure, usually created by repetition of similar design elements
110
Physical Spectrum
the full range of visible colors of light as postulated by Newton: red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo (blue-violet), and violet
111
Pigment
a colorant that is finely ground and suspended as minute particles in a vehicle. Traditionally, pigments were inorganic (earth colors), but modern chemistry has blurred this definition. Pigments in general are opaque
112
Pixel
one of the points of light that make up the picture on a computer or television screen. the word is short for "picture element."
113
Point (typography)
in typography, the point is the smallest unit of measure and is used for measuring font size. 1 inch is approximately 72 points. 1 point = 0.013836 inch = 0.3528 mm.
114
Pointillism
the use of small dots of varying colors in painting or graphic arts to create optical color mixtures. Also, a 19th-century French school of painting that used this technique.
115
Primary Colors
the simplest colors of the artists' spectrum; those that can not be reduced or broken down into component colors: red, yellow, blue.
116
Process Colors
a subtractive medium that selectively absorbs and transmits light. Yellow, cyan (blue-green), and magenta (red-violet) colorants that when mixed or laid over one another result in nearly all possible colors on the printed page. Used with the addition of black in four-color (CMYK) printing
117
Process Primaries
cyan (blue-green), magenta (red-violet), and yellow
118
Protanopia
the most common type of color blindness, which confuses red and orange with yellow and green. This is characterized by defective perception of red and confusion of red with green or bluish green
119
Pure Color
see "saturated color" and "maximum chroma"
120
Quaternary
the mixture of a primary hue and a tertiary hue in visually equal proportions
121
Quinary
the mixture of a secondary hue and a tertiary hue in visually equal proportions
122
RGB
red, green, and blue: the additive primaries used in color television and other color display systems
123
Reflected Beam
the beam of light reaching an object that is reflected back to the eye
124
Retina
the light-sensitive inner lining of the back of the eye
125
Rods
cells in the retina that are sensitive to dim light, but not to color
126
Sans Serif
the lack of any extending projections or lines (or "feet") that extend from letters in certain typefaces
127
Saturated Color
the most intense manifestation of a color imaginable; the "reddest" red or "bluest" blue. Saturated colors are undiluted by black, white, or gray. Synonyms are pure color, full color, hues at maximum chroma
128
Saturation
the degree of purity of a color; its hue intensity or vivid quality, as opposed to muted or dull quality. A fully saturated color can contain one or two of the primary colors but never the third. Saturated color does not contain any black, white, or gray
129
Scale (noun)
size or weight relationships in a two- or three-dimensional composition (or structure), especially as measured by some standard as the human body. It generally refers to relative size - how big or small something appears to be
130
Scale (verb)
in graphic design, to change dimensions of an object to make larger or smaller without modification of the design or absolute appearance. (relative appearance of an element, however, may change significantly in a composition)
131
Scumble
to apply a layer of opaque or semi-opaque pigment irregularly, so that some of the color underneath remains visible
132
Secondary Colors
colors made up of two primary colors. In artists' media, orange (red and yellow), green (blue and yellow), violet (red and blue). In additive mixtures cyan (blue and green), yellow (red and green), and magenta (blue and red); in process colors red (magenta and yellow), green (yellow and cyan), and blue (magenta and cyan).
133
Serif
the short lines or projections ("feet" when at the bottom) finishing a stroke of a letter in certain typefaces
134
Sfumato
a painting technique from the Italian Renaissance in which boundaries of shapes and figures have soft edges. From "sfumare" (to tone down or evaporate like smoke)
135
Shade
a pure color made darker, or with black added
136
Simultaneous Contrast
a spontaneous color effect that results from a physiological response of the eye to the stimulation of one color only. The eye, seeking equilibrium, generates a "ghost" image that is the complement of the stimulating color
137
Single Interval
the smallest difference between samples that a viewer can distinguish; established by the individual's threshold
138
Spectrum
the full range of visible hues (see "artists' spectrum" and "physical spectrum")
139
Split Complementary Color Scheme
a color scheme formed from any hue and the two hues at each side of its complement. the three colors are NOT equidistant on the color wheel
140
Stippling
the use of dots to create tones in black and white work
141
Substrate
the material on which color is applied
142
Subtractive Primaries
the primary colors of artists' media, the artists' primaries: red, yellow, and blue
143
Subtractive Mixture
color seen as the result of the absorption of light; the colors of objects
144
Tertiary Colors
colors made of any mixture of the three primaries; "brown" or chromatic neutrals. Or, a hue that results from the mixing of a primary hue and an adjacent secondary hue
145
Texture
the quality of surface and its relative smoothness or roughness. Texture may be actual or implied
145
Texture
the quality of surface and its relative smoothness or roughness. Texture may be actual or implied
146
Tiering
the portrayal of images on a two dimensional surface in tiers or layers, as a means of indicating distance. The upper tier represents the most distant part of the scene while the lowest tier is equivalent to the foreground
147
Tint
a pure color plus white, or made lighter
148
Tone
a nonspecific word referring to some changes in a hue. Most often used to mean a graying, or reduction in saturation (chroma)
149
Transparence Illusion
an illusion in which opaque colors are made to appear transparent, created by placing two colors as if they overlap and placing an interval/intermediate color between them in the area of overlap
149
Tritanopia
a form of color blindness in which sensitivity to blue is reduced
150
Typeface
refers to the shape and style of the letters, organized into a set based on the alphabet, numbers and punctuation needed to completely express language. A collection of letter shapes (like "Calibri" or "Times New Roman") is called a typeface. The typeface refers to the design of the letters
151
Value
Relative light and dark, with or without the presence of hue. High-value samples are light, low-value samples are dark
152
Vanishing Point
in linear perspective, the imaginary point at which parallel lines appear to converge
153
Vehicle
in color theory, a liquid, paste, viscous, wax, chalk, or other substance into which pigments, dyes or other colorants may be introduced to form a medium such as oil paint, textile dye, or crayon. Also referred to as a base or binder
154
Vignette
A representation in which the center of interest is sharply focused by the image fades out at the perimeter
155
Viscosity
referring to the fluidity, specifically the tensile strength, of a fluid substance
156
Visual Acuity
Sharpness of vision, the ability of the eye to see detail
157
Visual Texture
Sensations taken in visually (by eye) but interpreted in the mind as tactile
158
Visual Vibration
The effect of pairing equal valued complementary hues in a partitive setting
159
Warm Grays
Grays that result from mixing white with a black that is generated by mixing red, yellow, and blue together
160
Watercolor
A transparent water-based paint with a gum arabic binder
161
Wavelength
Referring to the measurement of light by the distance between crests of waves of electromagnetic radiation
162
X-Height
In type design, this refers to the distance between the baseline and mean line of lower-case letters in a typeface
