Semester 1

Question 1

Does the presence of shivering imply mild or severe hypothermia?

Answer 1

If the patient is shivering hypothermia is mild, once shivering stops it is severe

Question 2

What is oedema?

Answer 2

Fluid retention resulting in swelling: may be from blocked/damaged lymphatics or presence of plasma proteins in the interstitium

Question 3

What is osteoarthritis?

Answer 3

Age related degeneration of articular cartilage, joint space narrows and bones rub together

Question 4

How does osteoarthritis cause pain?

Answer 4

Osteophytes (bone spurs) are produced which cause inflammation and pain

Question 5

Can osteophytes be broken down by osteoclasts?

Answer 5

No

Question 6

What is rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer 6

An autoimmune disorder where there’s inflammation within a synovial joint and destruction of both bone and cartilage

Question 7

What are the features of osteogenesis imperfecta?

Answer 7

Weakened bones, increased risk of fracture, short stature and height, blue sclera

Question 8

What causes osteogenesis imperfecta?

Answer 8

Genetic condition where collagen 1 fibres aren’t produced correctly

Question 9

What deficiency can lead to scurvy?

Answer 9

Vitamin C

Question 10

What is vitamin C required for in collagen production?

Answer 10

Hydroxylation of proline and lysine to produce pro-collagen

Question 11

What are the symptoms of scurvy?

Answer 11

Gum disease, bruising, bleeding and poor wound healing

Question 12

What are the symptoms of marfans syndrome?

Answer 12

Abnormally tall, arachnodactyly (long fingers), frequent joint dislocations

Question 13

What are people with marfans at higher risk of?

Answer 13

Aortic rupture

Question 14

What causes Marfan’s syndrome?

Answer 14

Autosomal dominant disorder where elastin tissue is abnormal

Question 15

What group of people does rickets usually affect?

Answer 15

Children

Question 16

What are the symptoms of rickets?

Answer 16

Shortened height and stature, bowed legs, painful to walk

Question 17

What causes rickets?

Answer 17

Vitamin D deficiency leading to poor mineralisation of collagen in bone

Question 18

What can be seen as rickets in adults?

Answer 18

Osteomalacia

Question 19

What causes osteomalacia?

Answer 19

Vitamin D deficiency usually from malnutrition.

Also kidney disease, low exposure to sunlight, certain drugs/surgeries

Question 20

In which different populations do type 1 and type 2 primary osteoporosis occur?

Answer 20

Type 1- post-menopausal women

Type 2- older people (70+)

Question 21

Decrease in what hormone in post-menopausal women leads to osteoporosis?

Answer 21

Oestrogen

Question 22

What condition is also known as dwarfism?

Answer 22

Achondroplasia

Question 23

In achondroplasia which type of bone growth is affected (endochondral or intramembranous ossification)?

Answer 23

Endochondral ossification

Question 24

How would someone with achondroplasia appear?

Answer 24

Short stature but normal sized head and torso

Question 25

What happens in psoriasis that causes flakey, scales skin?

Answer 25

Transit time of keratinocytes from basal layer to stratum corneum decreases a lot

Question 26

What causes hyperkeratosis?

Answer 26

Too much keratin on skin surface as enzymes that breakdown the desmosomes between squames dont work efficiently

Question 27

What are risks with hyperkeratosis?

Answer 27

Thick skin can become cracked and become infected

Question 28

What is a splenectomy?

Answer 28

The removal of the spleen

Question 29

Which organs take over the haemopoetic roles after splenectomy?

Answer 29

Liver and bone marrow

Question 30

What is splenomegaly?

Answer 30

Enlargement of the spleen

Question 31

Which receptors are blocked in myasthenia gravies?

Answer 31

Acetylcholine receptors

Question 32

What is the main symptom of myasthenia Gravis?

Answer 32

Intermittent muscle weakness