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semester 1 exam Flashcards

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1
Q

DNA

A

DeoxyriboNucleic Acid

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2
Q

Where is the DNA found

A

in the nucleus

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3
Q

Nitrogenous bases

A

Adenine
Thymine
Guanine
Cytosine

A matches with T
G matches with C

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4
Q

Structure of a DNA

A

A double helix made up of nucleotides

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5
Q

DNA condenses

A

to form chromosomes

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6
Q

Nucleotide

A

structure made of a phosphate, sugar + a base

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7
Q

DNA codes
Genes code

A

for proteins

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8
Q

Relationship between DNA, Gene, Chromosome

A

-CHROMOSOMES are long structures of DNA that contain many GENES
-DNA condenses to form CHROMOSOMES
-GENES are smaller than DNA

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9
Q

COMPARE Meiosis and Mitosis

A

COMPARE:
-Both involve DNA replication before division (interphase before PMAT)
-Both end with Cytokinesis (cell splitting)

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10
Q

CONTRAST
Meiosis and Mitosis

-WHAT IS IT
-GENETIC MAKEUP OF DAUGHTER CELLS
-PLOIDY OF DAUGHTER CELLS
-TYPE OF CELLS
-FUNCTION
-LOCATION
-OCCURS IN
-# OF DIVISIONS AND DAUGHTER CELLS

A

CONTRAST:

WHAT IS IT:
Mitosis- A type of cell division resulting in 2 daughter cells
Meiosis- A type of cell division that reduces the chromosome # by half

GENETIC MAKEUP OF DAUGHTER CELLS:
Mitosis- Identical to parent cell
Meiosis- Different from parent cell

PLOIDY OF DAUGHTER CELLS:
Mitosis- Diploid (same as parent, 46)
Meiosis- Haploid (Half the chromosomes of parent, 23)

TYPE OF CELLS:
Mitosis- Somatic cells
Meiosis- sex cells

FUNCTION:
Mitosis- Growth and repair
Meiosis- Reproduction (produce gametes)

LOCATION:
Mitosis- All over the body
Meiosis- Ovaries and testies

OCCURS IN:
Mitosis- All organisms except viruses
Meiosis- Only Animals, Plants, and Fungi

OF DIVISIONS AND DAUGHTER CELLS:
Mitosis- 1 division, 2 Daughter cells
Meiosis- 2 divisions, 4 daughter cells

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11
Q

What happens in INTERPHASE in Mitosis?

A

-cell is @ rest/ normal cell functions
-DNA replicates
-centrioles replicate

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12
Q

What happens in PROPHASE in Mitosis?

A

-Nuclear membrane disintegrates
-chromosomes appear and move to the middle of the cell
-centrioles move to opposite sides of the cell
-spindle fibers start to form

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13
Q

What happens in METAPHASE in Mitosis?

A

-Chromosomes line up along the equator of the cell and attach to the spindle fibers by the centromere

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14
Q

What happens in ANAPHASE in Mitosis?

A

-Sister chromatids separate
-spindle fiber retracts, pulling the chromatids to opposite poles of the cell

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15
Q

What happens in TELOPHASE in Mitosis?

A

-Nuclear membrane reforms
-chromosomes uncoil and are no longer visible
-cell membrane forms 2 daughter cells

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16
Q

What happens in CYTOKINESIS in Mitosis?

A

-2 completely new daughter cells are made

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17
Q

What happens in INTERPHASE in Meiosis?

A
  • (SAME AS IN MITOSIS)
    -cell is @ rest/ normal cell functions
    -DNA replicates
    -centrioles replicate
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18
Q

What happens in PROPHASE 1 in Meiosis?

A

-Homologous chromosomes pair up

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19
Q

What happens in METAPHASE 1 in Meiosis?

A

-Homologous chromosomes line up in pairs along the middle of the cell
-Crossing-over occurs (homologous chromosomes swap small sections)
-chromosomes line up randomly, this is called Random assortment

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20
Q

What happens in ANAPHASE 1 in Meiosis?

A

-The homologous chromosomes separate and are pulled to opposite poles of the cell

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21
Q

What happens in TELOPHASE 1 in meiosis?

A

-2 daughter cells have HALF the # of chromosomes than parent

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22
Q

MEIOSIS 2 IS THE

A

SAME

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23
Q

VARIATION (define)

A

-Differences within a population of a species as the result of random assortment, crossing over, non-disjunction, or mutations.
-genetic differences between daughter cells.

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24
Q

Does Mitosis or Meiosis have Variation?

A

meiosis

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25
Variation in daughter cells are caused by:
-random assortment, crossing over, non-disjunction. -some variations can cause mutations.
26
MUTATIONS ARE THE:
Ultimate source of genetic variation
27
MUTATIONS ARE ANY CHANGE:
In the DNA sequence of a cell
28
MUTATIONS MAY BE CAUSED BY:
-Mistakes during cell division, or they may be caused by exposure to DNA- damaging agents in the environment. -Mutagens in the environment: UV, Lead, radiation
29
MUTAGENS ARE:
Agents that increase the chances of mutation
30
Random assortment:
The random organization of homologous chromosomes during metaphase 1 of meiosis along the equator of the cell.
31
Crossing over
The exchange of sections of chromosomes/DNA between homologous chromosomes during prophase 1 of meiosis.
32
Non- disjunction
A condition where chromosomes/chromatids fail to separate during anaphase resulting in an abnormal number of chromosomes in the daughter cells.
33
FERTILISATION
-Involves the journey of the ovaries + sperm -Combine the DNA from both gametes. (gametes = ovaries and sperm)
34
GAMETES (ovaries and sperm)
Leads to inheritance -the passing of traits from parents to offspring.
35
Sperm determines:
the sex of the child
36
Patterns of inheritance
Homozygous: -AA -aa -XaXa -XAXA Heterozygous: -Aa -XAXa (carriers)
37
PHENOTYPES AND GENOTYPES ARE:
Phenotype- determines characteristics from the genes Genotype- possible genes received from your parents
38
Monogenic and Sex-linked inheritance
Monogenic- NEVER USE XX, XY Sex-linked- ALWAYS USE XX, XY
39
PEDIGREES E- colored in e- not colored in
E-------E e-------e e E DOMINENT RECESSIVE
40
When drawing a pedigree
-generations using roman numerals -correct birth order(L-R) -Twins
41
AN INFECTED MOTHER MUST
Pass the disease to all her sons
42
FEMALES AND MALES
Females- can have 3 genotypes Males- only 2 genotypes, CANNOT BE CARRIERS
43
NATURAL SELECTION:
A process where the features in a species that best suit the environment are passed onto future generations
44
Natural selection occurs when:
Factors in the environment give a specific advantage on specific phenotypes to boost survival and reproduction
45
PROCESS OF NATURAL SELECTION:
1- VARIATION: -must be existent within the population -is caused by mutations > (introduce new alleles) 2- STRUGGLE FOR SURVIVAL: (Competing for resources) -Predation -adverse environmental conditions -over population 3- SELECTION PRESSURE: (Change in the environment) -That will affect the population by killing those that are not well adapted 4- SURVIVAL OF THE FITTEST: -Those individuals that survive the selection pressure live to reproductive age 5- REPRODUCTION (Over generations of time) -Involves the passing down of genes that are advantageous to successive generations.
46
IF THE PROCCES OF NATURAL SELECTION CONTINUES OVER MANY GENERATIONS THE SPECIES CHANGES =
EVOLUTION!
47
THE THEORY OF EVOLUTION:
States that the alleles of a species population change overtime. *Natural selection*- alleles change because environment changes
48
EVOLUTION IS NOT A "THEORY" IF IT IS A FACT. BACKED BY EVIDENCE:
-Homologous structure forearms -Embryology embryos -Fossils -Geographical distribution -DNA ALL SHOW SIMILARITIES
49
FOSSIL RECORD:
- (shows change overtime) -Record of all of the species that have been fossilised on earth.
50
GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION:
-Comparing the location of different species. -The closer they are (in the world, physically), the more related they are. -THEY SHARE A RECENT COMMON ANCESTOR-
51
VESTIGIAL ORGANS:
-Organs/ structures that an organism has but serves no purpose and no function
52
VESTIGIAL ORGANS SUGGESTS THAT:
-organisms with these vestigial organs have inherited them from an ancestoral species that did use these structures. -MOVING EARS- -Dogs> still move ears -Humans> don't move ears but still have the muscle for it
53
COMPARATIVE ANATOMY:
-Different organisms have the same structures, BUT these structures are specialised for a specific function- e.g. in a bat the bones are long, thin and lightweight for flying.
54
HOW DOES COMPARATIVE ANATOMY SHOW EVIDENCE FOR EVOLUTION?
-Many organisms have the same features which suggests a common ancestor who they all evolved from.
55
COMPARATIVE EMBRYOLOGY:
-Similar organisms pass through similar stages of development. -Similar features- -gill slits -nerve cord -post-anal tails
56
COMPARATIVE EMBRYOLOGY SUGGESTS THAT:
-Organisms with similar features in embryological development shared a common ancestor.
57
COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY:
-Compares DNA sequences and protein sequences, computers are used to analyse the code and identify the degree of similarity between samples.
58
-COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY- THE MORE SIMILAR THE DNA SAMPLES= THE MORE DIFFERENCES=
THE MORE SIMILAR THE DNA SAMPLES: =More closely related =Recent common ancestor THE MORE DIFFERENCES: =Less related =Distant common ancestor
59
PROCESS OF FOSSILISATION:
1- Death and rapid burial 2- Sedimentation- covering fossils 3- Mineralisation- bone is replaced by minerals to form rock.
60
G R O U P E R I O D
GROUPS: -Elements have the same #of electrons in their outer valence shell >Meaning they have similar properties >As you move down the group the elements become more reactive PERIODS: -Elements in the same period have the same # of electron shells
61
ION (define)
A charged atom
62
+VE AND -VE IONS
+VE: (name of ion is same as element) -metal elements -donate e-, to get a full stable outer shell (octect rule) -VE: (name of ion is different to name of element) -add suffix *ide* -non- metal elements -gain e-, to get a full stable outer shell
63
IF A SOLUTE CAN DISSOLVE IT IS:
SOLUBLE
64
Solute and solvent:
solute- gets dissolved solvent- liquid that the solute dissolves in
65
PROCESS OF DISSOLVING:
1- Solvent SURROUNDS solid (the solute) 2- Ions that make up the solid are more attracted to water molecules than each other +they SEPARATE + dissolve/ disappear 3- Ions diffuse and SPREAD out EVENLY throughout the solution
66
SHELL #1 SHELL #2 SHELL#3
1- Max 2e- 2- Max 8e- 3- Max 8e-
67
ALL IONIC COMPOUNDS ARE:
SALTS
68
IONIC COMPOUNDS ARE MADE UP OF A
+VE ion and a -VE ion
69

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