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Biology > Semester 1 Final > Flashcards

Semester 1 Final Flashcards

(55 cards)

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1
Q

Science

A

A particular way of knowing about the world

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2
Q

Independent variable

A

What the experiment will deliberately change or manipulate in the investigation

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3
Q

Dependent variable

A

What changes in response to the independent variable

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4
Q

Control

A

Group used for comparison with your experiment. This is the “normal group”

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5
Q

Constants

A

The aspects of an experiment that are held consistent

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6
Q

Objective

A

Verifiable observation
Ex: water boils at 100 degrees Celsius

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7
Q

Subjective

A

Based on personal opinions and feelings, NOT FACTS

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8
Q

Quantitative

A

Uses numbers to measure something

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9
Q

Qualitative

A

Describes qualities

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10
Q

Phospholipid bilayer

A

Thin polar membrane made of two layers of lipid molecules. These membranes are flat sheets that form a continuous barrier around all cells

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11
Q

Hydrophilic

A

Likes water

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12
Q

Hydrophobic

A

Repels from water

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13
Q

Concentration

A

Amount of solute dissolved in solvent

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14
Q

Concentration gradient

A

Particles move from high concentration to low concentration (no energy needed)

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15
Q

Passive transport

A

Requires no extra energy

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16
Q

Active transport

A

Requires extra energy to be spent

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17
Q

Simple Diffusion

A

The spreading out of molecules across a membrane until equilibrium is reached

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18
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

A transport protein helps to facilitate diffusion of molecules that normally couldn’t pass through the cell membrane

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19
Q

Osmosis

A

The simple diffusion of water across the cell membrane

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20
Q

Solution

A

Uniform mixture of two or more substances

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21
Q

Solute

A

What gets dissolved

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22
Q

Solvent

A

Does the dissolving

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23
Q

Homeostasis/Equilibrium

24
Q

Isotonic

Study These Flashcards
A

Identical water to cells cytoplasm ->
Cell stays the same

25
Hypertonic
Water is lower that the cell’s cytoplasm -> net movement of water out of the cell (cell shrivels)
26
Hypotonic
Water is higher than the cell’s cytoplasm -> net movement of water into a cell (cell swells)
27
Selective permeability
Ability to differentiate between what types of molecules can pass through the cell membrane
28
Gene
Segment of DNA for a specific trait Ex: brown eyes
29
Genetic code
Instructions in a gene to make that specific protein
30
Genome
All genetic material in an organism
31
Chromosome
Supercoiled threadlike structure of DNA and protein that contains genetic information.
32
DNA
Deoxyribonucleic acid. A molecule that contains the genetic coding necessary for reproduction of living cells.
33
Double helix
Shape of DNA
34
5’
Phosphate on the end
35
3’
Sugar on the end
36
Antiparallel
Parallel but moving in different directions (5’-3’)
37
RNA
Ribonucleic acid. Helix shape
38
Adenine
Double ringed purine
39
Guanine
Double ringed purine
40
Cytosine
A single ringed pyrimidine
41
Thymine
A single ringed pyrimidine
42
Purine
Nitrogenous base with connected 6 and 5 sided ring
43
Pyrimidine
6 sided nitrogenous base
44
Chargoff’s Rule
The bond between A=T & C=G. The statement that some nitrogenous bases have relatively the same amount as others
45
Covalent Bond
Strong bonds that connect the bases,sugar, and phosphate groups in DNA
46
Hydrogen Bond
Weaker than covalent bonds. Connect GC and AT
47
Helicase
- Enzymes that unwinds DNA by breaking the hydrogen bonds - Separates DNA into single strands
48
DNA Binding Proteins
- Binds to DNA after it has been split to keep the two strands apart - Prevents bonds from reforming
49
Replication Fork
- Space where replication occurs - Moves with helicase
50
RNA Primase
- Identify and signal the starting point(s) of where DNA replication should begin - Provides a landing site - Placed only on single stranded DNA as close to the 3’ end as possible
51
DNA Polymerase
- MVP - Enzyme that scans the original DNA strand and adds complementary nucleotides - Must add from 5’ -> 3’
52
Free Nucleotides
- Phosphate, sugar, nitrogenous base - Floating around in nucleus - Building blocks of new DNA
53
Leading/Lagging Strand
- DNA is replaced on both strands of DNA at the same time - Polymerase moves along the original template (3’-5’, Adds new DNA 5’-3’) - Leading = DNA polymerase works in same direction as helicase (continuous) - Lagging = DNA polymerase works in opposite direction as helicase (discontinuous)
54
Okazaki Fragments
- Short chunks of newly formed DNA on the lagging strand - Results from the discontinuous addition of new nucleotides
55
DNA Ligase
- Enzyme that glues Okazaki fragments together by adding covalent bonds between sugars and phosphates - Converts the discontinuous strand into a continuous strand

Biology (4 decks)

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